Regeneration-EQ3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is the UK government responsible for?

A

Considering the level of inequality across the country, as disparity between places and regions does not aid the overall development of the country.

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2
Q

Where is there a clear and evident gap between in the UK?

A

Between the North and the South, in which the South is dominated by the metropolitan region of London

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3
Q

What has led to large inequalities and lack of labour mobility in the North East?

A

Lack of investment in rail infrastructure

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4
Q

What are some of the issues in the North East?

A

Whereas a 65-km journey from Middlesbrough to Newcastle takes 90 minutes, a journey of the same distance from Chelmsford in Essex to London takes only 36 minutes.
-The main arterial road between Leeds and Manchester (the M62) is often jammed, and the main road from Newcastle to Scotland is still a single carriageway.
-Spending on infrastructure is £2595 per person per year in London, compared to just £5 in the North East.

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5
Q

How has the UK government tried to address this imbalance?

A

By developing a so-called ‘northern powerhouse’ (2015), where infrastructure investment will connect major industrial towns and cities in the North East and North West.

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6
Q

What do some decisions about infrastructure centre on?

A

Expanding capacity at London’s main airports (Heathrow and Gatwick) and building a Crossrail to ease congestion in Central London.

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7
Q

What are other schemes taking place outside the capital region?

A

Other schemes outside the capital region include High Speed 2 (H52) , a rail link planned between London and Birmingham and then to Leeds and Manchester. High Speed 1 has already been constructed between London St Pancras and Kent.

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8
Q

What is one project in the North which is nearing completion?

A

The Northern Hub project, a series of improvements to the rail network around Manchester.

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9
Q

What group was formed in 2011 and what was their aim?

A

Ten local council united to form the GMCA and took control of the city’s policy as well as other things.

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10
Q

What is one thing that has been made due to the action of the GMCA?

A

A short curved station of track has been built to connect Manchester’s two main railway stations and the airport station south of the city. Main stations have been expanded and journey times to Liverpool, Sheffield and Newcastle have decreased.

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11
Q

What is the Government also funding?

A

Electrification projects in Manchester, Liverpool and Blackpool and across to Leeds, allowing for cheaper, faster and longer electric trains.

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12
Q

Improving the access for a larger pool of labour, who is expected to see an increase?

A

Business is expected to increase and it is hoped that the £600 million investment will eventually yield economic growth of £2.4 billion.

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13
Q

Why can’t the positive impact of these decisions be taken for granted?

A

-Nearly a decade after HS1 was completed, new stations are still surrounded by undeveloped land, although London itself has continued to see tremendous economic growth.
-But with air connections from regional airports such as Newcastle to New York and Dubai improving and control over housing, education and health also in the hands of super local authorities in the North West, the overall aim of the national government in 2015 was to ensure that growth is not concentrated in one place in the UK.

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14
Q

What impacts can plans for development potentially have?

A

A significant impact on the natural environment and people’s lives but the decision may be deemed as being in the national interest.

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15
Q

What impacts can happen due to the decisions that the UK government make?

A

Affect the rate and type of development which then affect the economic regeneration of both urban and rural regions.

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16
Q

Why are many planning laws in place?

A

To limit the negative impact of development and regeneration on the social, economic and natural environment.

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17
Q

Why have house prices rapidly increased in the UK?

A

Due to the rise in single owner-occupancy, longer life expectancy and a lack of housing supply.

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18
Q

What is the government under more pressure for in terms of housing?

A

To get builders to build more homes- claimed that 1 million new homes needed by 2020

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19
Q

What decision is particularly controversial?

A

The decision to permit hydraulic fracturing (fracking)

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20
Q

Relating to fracking, what is being done by the government?

A

They are loosening the regulations to make it easier for local councils to win approval for fracking

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21
Q

Often, where are potential mining sites found?

A

Beneath large cities, valuable farmland and national parks

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22
Q

What has deregulation of capital markets since the 1970s made it much easier for?

A

For companies to locate in the UK and for foreign companies to invest in the UK’s infrastructure.

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23
Q

What also encourages companies to trade in London?

A

The UK’s common law legal system, where cases are decided on the basis of previous judicial outcomes.

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24
Q

What is one of the world’s largest stock markets?

A

London Stock Exchange

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25
Q

Why has the government decided to halve the proposed banking levy?

A

Financial regulation are now tighter making it harder for banks to make risky business investments

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26
Q

What is another major government decision that has helped the regeneration of local areas?

A

Opening the UK’s borders to migration

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27
Q

When and who joined the EU?

A

In 2004, eight eastern European countries followed by 2 more in 2007

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28
Q

What did this cause in terms of migration?

A

Many people from these countries migrated to the UK-including Poles which are now the second largest ethnic minority group in the UK after Indians

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29
Q

What has now happened to these Poles?

A

Some have returned home but many have settled in the UK in towns such as Slough and Corby and other rural market towns and small cities which have become some of the fastest-growing parts of the UK.

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30
Q

What was Coby previously reliant on and what is it mainly focused on now?

A

Previously reliant on the manufacturing industry for employment opportunities but now many East European entrepreneurs have set up many businesses there.

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31
Q

What has been a very clear indicator of the much needed regeneration in the town?

A

Property crime and antisocial behaviour has halved since which is a very clear

32
Q

What are local government keen to encourage?And from where?

A

Innovation and investment, both from within the UK and overseas companies.

33
Q

What do local councils use to attract and keep companies the might improve the reputation of different towns?

A

Use various incentives.

34
Q

Since the 1970’s who have cities and towns worked with to focus on the commercialisation of research by ensuring the right infrastructure is in place for 2 sectors?

A

Major universities such as Cambridge

35
Q

What are the 2 sectors/factors?

A

-Established technology companies
-Innovative start ups seeking to pioneer new research.

36
Q

What is important for these new companies whether telecommunications and power supply, expertise in intellectual property law or shared banking services?

A

The right support

37
Q

Investment in what has thrived despite the 2008 recession?

A

Investment on innovation, high tech and medical technology companies

38
Q

What does an Inward Investment involves?

A

An external or foreign entity investing in or purchasing goods of a local economy.
-It’s foreign money that come into the domestic economy

39
Q

What are the 3 main areas of Local Government Policies?

A

-Competing for Investment
-Science Parks
-Local Decision Making
-Interest Groups and Conflict
-Contemporary Regeneration Strategies
-Sport led, public/private rural
diversification

40
Q

For competing for investment with the example of science parks, give and example and explain.

A

Cambridge University and Cambridge science park
-Large TNCs such as AstraZeneca, Toshiba and Microsoft all base themselves in park so they can benefit from the technological expertise at the university.
-The parks continuous growth leaving Oxford in it’s wake. Oxford has just only started to build large number of new houses and the price of housing is discouraging potentially world-leading academics from moving to Oxford University.

41
Q

For local decision making, who do major regeneration projects need the cooperation of?

A

Many local interest groups

42
Q

What must local interest groups reconcile?

A

The many different interests and stakeholder groups.

43
Q

What did the Parliamentary Select Committee in 2004 conclude?

A

That many successful regeneration schemes should use historic buildings as a foundation for projects because they ‘reinforces a sense of community’ which makes an important contribution to the local economy and acts as a catalyst for improvements to the wider area.

44
Q

What is the eventual hope of regeneration strategies?

A

That they will attract business investment and workers from many different contexts to create vibrant new places in urban and rural areas.

45
Q

What does regeneration planning and management involve?

A

A range of players often with differing interests and aims for the area.

46
Q

What groups can we see in varying roles within regeneration policies at the Heathrow Expansion, HS2 and fracking debates?

A

Local interest groups

47
Q

Who are there often tensions between?

A

Between groups that wish to preserve places and those seeking change. May be categorised by a viewpoint of stance

48
Q

In what ways can these tensions be categorised?

A

-Socio-economic
-Environmental

49
Q

What do areas with affluent retirees tend to have more of?

A

More vociferous and mobilised local interest groups.

50
Q

Explain Retail-Led Plans as a regeneration strategy.

A

-National and Local Governments are heavily involved in retail planning
-Local Authorities decide on change of use to buildings and can influence shop types and locations of malls, pedestrianised areas and alcohol-free zones.
-Purpose of high streets have changed over time as people are now more attracted to high streets with leisure experiences and specialist retailers

51
Q

What are the 2 main challenges of retail?

A

-Rise in internet shopping
-Competition from out of town businesses.
-Led to £1bn of government support for regeneration of the high street

52
Q

What did the governments actions in 2016 to regenerate high streets involve?

A

-Encouraging small businesses to compete with chains
-More click and collect locations
-Pop up shops and cafes
All creating businesses and job opportunities

53
Q

What does tourism bring to the area?

A

Money and provides a flow of culture and positive media attention

54
Q

What does Leisure and Culture do for regeneration?

A

-Attracts inward investment and external funding as well as creating new often green spaces
-Culture is the background for many different strategies from music festivals at an international scale to small conservation areas and ‘cultural quarters’ in cities.
-A popular demand for people to visit place or work of famous authors, artists etc

55
Q

How does sport act as a regeneration strategy?

A

-Helps with construction and infrastructure
-Acts as a catalyst to be able to do long-term regeneration.
-London won the bid for 2012 Olympics due to their ‘legacy plan’
-Factors e.g. media coverage before and during event helps
-Inward Investment is also important

56
Q

Give some examples of the the use of infrastructure to drive growth.

A

HS2, Heathrow Expansion, Park and Ride, Congestion Charging

57
Q

Explain Public and Private Rural Diversification.

A

-Main Trade Union: National Farmers Union
-Around half of all farms in UK use some form of diversified activity in their farming businesses to boost income, depending on location, land type, landowners.
-Grants are available from RDP and also from commercial banks and charities.
-National Trust is an influential charity in rural areas, the largest farm owner nationally and the second largest landowner in the UK.

58
Q

What are the 3 types of diversification?

A

-Agriculture Based
-Non-Agricultural
-Environmental Schemes

59
Q

What is Agricultural Based diversification?

A

Producing and selling speciality cheeses; farming unusual animals (deer, llama); growing non-food crops (speciality flowers), pharmaceutical crops (rape); developing farm shops; craft-making facilities; shoots; training in rural crafts such as dry walling.

60
Q

What is Non-Agricultural Diversification?

A

Redundant farm buildings converted to offices, light industry or tea shops; campsites; horse livery. At a larger scale paintballing, clay pigeon shooting, golf, motocross, car boot sale sites and country parks may be developed.

61
Q

What is Environmental Scheme Diversification?

A

Funded by RDP, such as Natural England Environmental Stewardship Scheme, and planting woodland.

62
Q

What is rebranding?

A

The way or ways in which a place is re-developed and marketed so that it gains a new identity. It can then attract new investors and visitors. Involving re-imaging and regeneration

63
Q

What is re-imaging?

A

The remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide “post-industrial” functions e.g. leisure and tourism

64
Q

What is regeneration?

A

A long term process involving social, economic and physical action to reverse decline and create sustainable communities.

65
Q

What have cities been forced to act upon due to an increasingly globalised, competitive and consumer-orientated work?

A

Think more creatively in order to continue attracting visitors and investment

66
Q

What have many cities turned to?

A

Marketing strategies to rebrand their image and reputation which may include slogans

67
Q

What are the 2 elements to a successful rebranding project?

A

-Regeneration
-Re-imaging

68
Q

Explain the regeneration element of a successful rebranding project.

A

-Investment in an area often triggers a process of cumulative causation (multiplier effect) via employment opportunities in sports arenas, cultural centres, heritage sites and shopping and leisure facilities.
-Overall change is sometimes described as urban renewal.

69
Q

Explain the re-imaging element of a successful rebranding project.

A

-The area is ‘sold’ or advertised with new packaging to change the impression investors have of the area and attract people to it.
-A new brand identity can help to create more positive feelings and perceptions about a city.
-Some cities use rebranding to remind people about successful aspects of their history

70
Q

What is the overall intention of rebranding?

A

To ‘sell’ a place to potential customers and they could belong to many types of groups so the nature of the rebranding might vary according to the target group.

71
Q

How do visitors benefit from regeneration?

A

-Business visitors who may be attending a conference or sales trip
-Non-business visitors who may be tourists or travelling to visit relatives or friend

72
Q

How do residents and employees benefit from employees?

A

-Professional (doctors, teachers etc)
-Employees
-Local wealthy people
-Young people
-Investors and Entrepreneurs

73
Q

How do businesses and industries benefit from regeneration?

A

-Older heavy industry
-New hi-tech industry
-Quaternary

74
Q

How do exporters benefit from regeneration?

A

-International Businesses
-International Travel Companies

75
Q

How can we make sure regeneration strategies are successful?

A

The British nostalgic emotional attachment to the past is a powerful way

76
Q

How is place identity used in certain places?

A

-To successfully integrate conservation of iconic and historic sites into commercially successful and distinctive redeveloped urban spaces.

77
Q

What might this place identity look like in rural and urban areas?

A

-Rural: taking advantage of Victorian Industrial Heritage
-Urban: Historical and Literacy references to how the place was portrayed in the past