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Regeneration-EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what way do places vary?

A

Economically and socially

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2
Q

What does change include?

A

Movements of people, capital and resources

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3
Q

What effect does this have on some countries?

A

That some places are becoming marginalised and are ‘left behind’

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4
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Is the process of improving a place by making positive changes that has been experiencing a period of decline.

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5
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Is creating a new image or reputation for an area.

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6
Q

Why do changes to economies and societies occur?

A

Due to local, national and global processes such as the mass movement of people, capital, information and resources.

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7
Q

What can abundance of these factors make places?

A

Make them economically wealthy whilst other places are marginalised.

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8
Q

What are being produced to help inequalities and where are these?

A

Globally and regionally, there are economic inequalities regeneration programmes are produced.

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9
Q

What can economic activity be classed by?

A

Sectors which are considered when ; be it primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. It can also be classified by type: part time/full time, temporary/permanent and employed/self-employed.

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10
Q

In what way can places be analysed?

A

Using employment data and output data due to places varying according to their economic activity.

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11
Q

Where do differences in economic activity occur from?

A

Variations in social factors, such as health, life expectancy and education levels, determining a person’s ability to work.

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12
Q

How is inequalities in pay levels reflected?

A

In quality of life indices ranked to have a lower quality of life than richer families.

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13
Q

What did Colin Clark and Alan Fisher do?

A

Divided their 3 sectors theory of economic activity in the 1930’s, they envisaged a positive model of change, in which countries moved from a focus on the primary to the secondary to the tertiary sector as they developed.

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14
Q

What did Improved education and cultural change lead to?

A

A high qualification and the ability to obtain high paid employment, with prospects of promotion.

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15
Q

What was the tertiary sector supplemented by and what does the workers of the UK now look like?

A

Tertiary supplemented by quaternary and quinary sectors.. But the majority of workers in the UK today work in the tertiary sectors although some industrial towns are still reliant on the secondary sector.

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16
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Extraction of raw materials, Mining and Farming

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17
Q

Giver examples of the Primary Sector.

A

Farmer
Quarry Worker
Forest logger

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18
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

Manufacturing and processing, Iron, Steel and Car manufacturing

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19
Q

Give examples of the secondary sector.

A

Table Maker
Textiles worker
Car manufacturer

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20
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Service sector, Tourism and banking

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21
Q

Give examples of the tertiary sector.

A

Accountant
Plumber
Teacher
Shop Assistant

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22
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

High tech research

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23
Q

Give examples of quaternary sector.

A

Researcher

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24
Q

What has deindustrialisation done to employment?

A

Altered the types of employment available.

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25
Q

What sector is there an increasing focus on?

A

Tertiary sector

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26
Q

What impact does this focus have?

A

the ability to be flexible and respond to global market changes makes employing people on a temporary basis increasing desirable for business.

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27
Q

What can be a risky choice for some people in regards to employment? And why?

A

Some workers, the rising pressure on their household budget means that self-employment such as taxi drivers etc are risky.

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28
Q

What are some towns also concerned about?

A

The exploitation of migrant workers especially since the discovery that nearly 3000 migrant workers were living illegally in Slough in 2013.

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29
Q

What have the local council done to identify this?

A

Used planes equipped with thermal imaging cameras to identify converted outbuildings, many which are unfit for human usage.

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30
Q

What is an example of a town like this?

A

Port Talbot

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31
Q

Explain this town’s characteristics.

A

-A town where heavy industry and chemical plants operate side-by-side with what might become the world’s largest biomass power station, industrial and energy park.
-Has large number of part time and full time employees which are dependent on the success of its secondary industries.

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32
Q

What has Swansea experienced?

A

Regeneration of its central area and waterfront which has attracted many university students and created tertiary jobs linked to leisure activities and shops.

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33
Q

What does the withdrawal of Tata steel show?

A

The older traditional industries which remain economically marginalised.

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34
Q

What have distinct patterns of employment developed to reflect?

A

The location of major industries and key infrastructure or economic sectors.

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35
Q

What is there a divide within in Windsor?

A

Between east and west with the majority of full-time managers and directors living in the east, closer to London.

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36
Q

What are the more rural parts of the country like? Give an example.

A

Are many small clusters of part time self-employed workers including university students working in temporary jobs and graduates establishing start-up hubs, such as in Oxfordshire

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37
Q

What hasn’t been even over the UK in terms of employment?

A

The transition into a post-industrial economy.

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38
Q

What has there been a lot of inequality in?

A

Levels of pay and type of work

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39
Q

What does unemployment have a clear impact on?

A

Health, life expectancy and education

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40
Q

What is the unemployment rate for young people compared to the rest of the UK?

A

Higher than the rest of the UK

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41
Q

What does research suggest about growing up in poverty and the likelihood of dropping out of further education?

A

Highly associate with poorer health later in life

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42
Q

What does ill health and disability have an impact of?

A

People’s ability to work

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43
Q

What are the causes of death that are disproportionately affecting those from more deprived communities than less deprived and are also contributing to the life expectancy gap?

A

Cardiovascular conditions, lung cancer, chronic cirrhosis of the liver and suicides.

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44
Q

In some areas which have high levels of deprivation, what type of opportunities have been brought about?

A

Small businesses able to grow

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45
Q

Give an example of small businesses able to grow.

A

Sparkbrook in Birmingham ranks high on the Index of Multiple Deprivation, the British Pakistani community living there is highly entrepreneurial.

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46
Q

What are some examples of the small businesses being established?

A

Bakeries, restaurants and women only gyms

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47
Q

What effect is being created from these businesses?

A

Multiplier effect which all help diversify the market and create yet more businesses

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48
Q

When were the self-employed ventures set up and what risk comes with them?

A

During a recession and although there is the risk of the business collapsing, as the UK economy begins to grow again, they are likely to thrive as sustainable, permanent employers.

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49
Q

In the UK, what is there a massive difference in?

A

Rate of Pay

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50
Q

Where were the highest median earning in 2011?

A

South-West London

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51
Q

What is the pay like in Older Industrial cities which are still suffering from Industrialisation?

A

Lower average pay than elsewhere

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52
Q

What does this inequality in pay look correlate with?

A

Both the distribution of jobs in different economic sectors and quality of life across the country.

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53
Q

Where is poor health occurring and what does it make clear?

A

In post-industrial South Wales, North-West England and Western Scotland making it clear that communities in these areas have suffered the most from the changes brought about by globalisation.

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54
Q

What did the government introduce in April 2016?

A

The Minimum National Living Wage for over 25’s

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55
Q

What is the Minimum National Living Wage for over 25’s?

A

£7.20 an hour

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56
Q

What do people argue about this?

A

That is should be higher.

57
Q

Who are the highest and lowest earners?

A

Doctors and Bankers are the highest and Construction, Education and other public sector are lowest

58
Q

How does the government manage the UK economy?

A

Through the Treasury.

59
Q

How does the government do this?

A

Each year a budget is produced which sets things out e.g. minimum wage.

60
Q

How was the UK performing in the 1980’s?

A

It was not performing better than most other European countries.

61
Q

What things helped the growth?

A

-Privatisation
-Deregulation
-Service Sector
-Profit Factory/Coal pits closed

62
Q

What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation (2015)?

A

Official measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England

63
Q

What does the Index of Multiple Deprivation rank?

A

Every small area in England from 1(least deprived) to 32,844 (most deprived)

64
Q

Who uses this Index?

A

Local and central governments to allocate funds and prioritise services.

65
Q

How many indicators and how many domains is it grouped into?

A

37 indicators and 7 domains

66
Q

What are the 7 domains?

A

Income
Employment
Health
Crime
Barriers to Services
Living Environment

67
Q

What does this Index show?

A

That there is deprivation in all regions and areas-even in less deprived areas.

68
Q

Where is Deprivation concentrated according to this index?

A

In large urban areas, especially northern cities that have suffered deindustrialisation.

69
Q

Why do places change where people choose to live?

A

As the inhabitants reshape and reconfigure them to meet their shifting needs and priorities

70
Q

What is the function, shape, land-use pattern and details of the surrounding social, economic and natural environments determined by?

A

The types of people that live there and the influences on their lives.

71
Q

What are many rural areas?

A

Sites of intensive food production and they sustain the lives of people in urban and rural environments.

72
Q

What happens in these rural areas?

A

Goods which are produced are taken to market towns and cities and a variety of services in these settlements have evolved to facilitate the commercial transactions that are involved.

73
Q

What reduced the need for manual labour and what did this cause?

A

Mid 1800’s mechanism so workers moved into the industrial towns and cities.

74
Q

What did these workers provide?

A

Cheap labour for factories producing iron, steel and textiles.

75
Q

What did county towns began to host and why?

A

Administrative functions as emerging middle class needed ways to organise day-to-day life

76
Q

What has happened to some of these functions?

A

Have been superseded in today’s post industrial economy as goods are now transported from all over the world and distributed around the country.

77
Q

What do towns compete for?

A

To become important retail destinations

78
Q

What do US style shopping malls encourage?

A

Retails to co-locate with restaurants etc to create the ultimate retail experience.

79
Q

What has also changed within the UK?

A

Demographically-in both ethnic composition and age structures

80
Q

When did migrants move to this country and where from?

A

After 2nd World War from Caribbean, West Africa and India

81
Q

Where did the migrants move to?

A

-Jamaica into Brixton
-Indian into Southall
-Pakistani into Bradford, Huddersfield and Birmingham

82
Q

What were these demographic changes accompanied by?

A

A rise in racist and prejudiced attitudes which led to some areas associated with ethnic minority communities experiencing collapsing property prices and spirals of decline.

83
Q

What were these conditions made worse by?

A

Low-quality housing, out-migration and industrialisation.

84
Q

Why have areas been turned into Bohemian hotspots?

A

Due to their relative affordability in comparison to exceptionally expensive parts of major cities have been transformed into these which thrive alternative music and arts.

85
Q

What are young graduated doing to these hotspots?

A

Reshaping and Rebranding into cultural villages.

86
Q

When may this become gentrification?

A

If this processes also involves an influx of wealth.

87
Q

What may be of particular significance for its residence?

A

heritage and cultural history of a place. Might be particular pride in particular tourist attractions, sports clubs etc.

88
Q

What is this result?

A

Unique as places attempt to rebrand, reimage and regenerate.

89
Q

What are Administrative functions?

A

Relating to the running of a business, organisation etc such as Banks

90
Q

What are Commercial functions?

A

Making or intended to make profit

91
Q

What are Retail functions?

A

Sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.

92
Q

What are Industrial functions?

A

Relating to or characterised by industry

93
Q

What are the functional changes in rural areas?

A

-Loss of shops and pubs, growth of commuter villages, decline of agricultural employment, growth or tourism
-Pubs doubling up as shops, community centres etc
-Farm Diversification

94
Q

What are functional changes in urban areas?

A

-Historically large towns and cities had key admin functions (courts, banks etc) which grew mainly as a result of Industrial Revolution
-Deindustrialisation-especially nortWhahern cities
-Growth of retail and leisure-out of town shopping
-Online shopping-loss of shops and banks
-Towns compete to become rural destinations

95
Q

Comparison overall of rural vs urban.

A

-Rural have a higher median age than urban-45 vs 37 years
-Rural have more born in the UL
-Rural have lower unemployment
-More managerial occupations live in rural areas-14% vs 10%

96
Q

What does Demographics mean?

A

Defined as statistical data about the characteristics of a population e.g. the age, gender and income of people within the population.

97
Q

What does Gentrification mean?

A

The arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property values, changes in the district’s character and culture.
-Often used negatively, suggesting the displacement of poor communities by richer outsiders.

98
Q

What does Studentification mean?

A

Growth of universities leading to hotspots of students.

99
Q

What can Studentification cause?

A

-Conflict; antisocial behaviour
-Can distort local property market

100
Q

What are the 5 reasons places change?

A

-Physical Factors
-Accessibility and Connectedness
-Historical Development
-Local and National Planners
-Other Factors

101
Q

What are the factors which influence the Physical Factors that cause places to change?

A

-Dynamic changing landscapes present management challenges.
-Despite coastal defences, Sea level rise and climate change are causing rapid coastal erosion and are threatening the livelihood of agricultural workers.
-More frequent floods-loss of land
-Concern about climate change is starting to shape policy, architecture and land-use decisions.

102
Q

How have the Development of the UK’s motorway and rail networks had an influence on places changing?

A

Changed the importance of different towns and villages around the UK.

103
Q

What service areas have seen a relative decline since the development of what?

A

Previous major railway towns since the development of motorways after the 1960s.

104
Q

What has the Completion of HS1 in 2007 between London and Channel Coast created?

A

As it extends eastwards, villages in Essex and Kent are becoming increasingly popular rural alternatives for those that cannot afford London houses.

105
Q

What are the government also intending to develop and why?

A

A brownfield ‘Garden Centre’ to take advantage of the fast rail connections to London.

106
Q

What has a by-product of improved transport infrastructure been?

A

A steady flow of migration both within and into the UK.

107
Q

What has growth of regional airports facilitated?

A

Immigration from Eastern Europe into rural areas of the UK reinforcing ‘bridge header’ communities that have been established since the early 2000’s.

108
Q

What type of infrastructure has been upgraded relating to Accessibility and Connectedness?

A

Communication infrastructure has been upgraded… 2/ 3 of the UK has access to fibre-optic broadband, the Government has provided £530 million of funding for Broadband Delivery UK to extend broadband into rural areas, with following upgrades.

109
Q

What are the factors which influence the Historical Development that cause places to change?

A

-Some places have changed slowly over time and their current layout and characteristics still reflect their history.
-An example of Totnes which has deliberately introduced the ‘Transition Town’ projects to protect its local culture and history. The town grew as a traditional bridging point and then developed on the valley side.
-Establishment of local currency, Totnes Pound has helped local businesses to thrive and there is also major cultural attractions in the town.

110
Q

What are the factors which influence the Local and National Planners that cause places to change?

A

-UK government has struggled for some time to tackle a chronic shortage of housing stock.
-National Infrastructure Plan (2010) has designated towns like Bicester as new ‘Garden Cities’ with up to 13,000 new homes and a new railway station.
-Bicester Village has expanded.
-Growth of MK has seen the incorporation of villages as well as smaller towns.

111
Q

What are the government planning to build which will impact changing places?

A

Contemplates building an East West Rail link between Oxford and Cambridge, villages in North Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire can expect increasing house prices and congestion as they become more desirable and accessible places to live.
-Have gone ahead with it.

112
Q

What are the Other Factors that cause places to change?

A

-With Globalisations developments in transport technology and communications infrastructure has made it more cost effective for manufacturing companies to transfer operations to other parts of the world
-Closure of the factories in the UK or deindustrialisation has triggered major changes in towns and cities.
-Migration into the UK has changed the character of some towns and cities.

113
Q

What are the economic and social characteristics of a place shaped by?

A

Past and Present connections to other places, both regional and imagined.

114
Q

What is there an increasing evidence of between UK cities?

A

Of a continuing north-south divide.

115
Q

Where are the towns and cities located that have grown the most?

A

In the south, particularly those designated areas for new growth e.g. MK and Swindon

116
Q

Where are the cities which have shrunk located?

A

In the north of the UK.

117
Q

What has this shrinking led to?

A

Widening gaps in multiple areas such as health and education especially those once famous for their heavy industry.

118
Q

What did the government plan to do in 2015?

A

Develop a ‘northern powerhouse’ to enable good trade and industry connections to be made across the country.

119
Q

What is the issue with this?

A

Are some deep rooted problems which may be difficult for the government to resolve especially during an economic recession.

120
Q

Similar to this, what was there also a focus on and when?

A

On ‘enterprise’ in the 1980’s by the then Conservative Government led to free-market privatisation and the tremendous growth of the financial sector of the City of London.

121
Q

What has the UK’s global connections resulted in?

A

Increasing diversity in the UK

122
Q

Because of this, what would the majority of Londoners now describe themselves as?

A

As being from an ethnic minority

123
Q

What has there been a dramatic increase in?

A

The number of Eastern European workers in rural areas as well.

124
Q

What has this increase caused?

A

Some friction between migrant workers and the original residents.

125
Q

Why have many rural residents benefited from immigration?

A

As the relative youth of the new arrivals who sometimes have families or start them when they arrive, brings vitality to communities.

126
Q

What do migrants do when they establish themselves?

A

Set up small businesses such as shops, restaurants etc which then attract a further influx of people and generates a multiplier effect.

127
Q

When a country is undergoing rapid change, what becomes increasingly important?

A

Identity

128
Q

What do cities naturally bring together?

A

Identity policies and minority influences

129
Q

What has happened in London and what is it called?

A

High immigration levels called superdiversity.

130
Q

What is Southall in West London characterised by and explain it?

A

Characterised by its increasingly mixed Indian and Somali community. Have newly arrived migrants, refugees and long established migrants. Many of the Somali diaspora work to provide financial support for families and communities back home.

131
Q

What may marginalised groups with similar backgrounds or beliefs do?

A

May congregate in certain areas in ways expressed such as art or music genres which in some parts any combination of these shape and define local places.

132
Q

What has happened since online shopping has grown and what has this caused?

A

Has to some extent superseded trips into town, some residents may now be bypassing their nearest small town altogether, in favour of a nearby city etc.

133
Q

What are some towns experiencing?

A

The suburbanisation of ethnicity and occasionally a clash of cultures.

134
Q

What does agricultural decline mean for rural areas?

A

That they have to become increasingly multifunctional.

135
Q

What helps to bridge the physical gap between communities?

A

Digital Communication e.g. Skype and rural broadband

136
Q

What is becoming more important, especially for teenagers?

A

Virtual Identity

137
Q

Despite the illusion of rural ‘idyll’, what is there a risk of?

A

A growing gap between highly connected, relatively affluent, online residents and digitally excluded, less affluent residents with restricted mobility who remain reliant on services in the nearest small towns-for which there is a shrinking demand.

138
Q

What does this growing gap mean for older people?

A

Older people who are unable to access public or private transport or use electronic communication, risk becoming examples of ‘hidden poverty’.

Geography-Regeneration (4 decks)

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