Regeneration EQ2

Question 1

What is perception of a place?

Answer 1

Perception of a place is how it’s is understood and regarded. Perception can be changed through economic and social inequalities as well as age, social class and over all quality of life.

Question 2

What does a successful are have?

Answer 2

Regions perceived as successful tend to be self sustaining as more people and investments are drawn to the opportunities created.
- high employment rates
- inward migration both internal and international (Brian gain)
- low levels of deprivation

Question 3

What are the negative externalities of a ‘successful’ place?

Answer 3

• overheated property prices (Sydney is between the 10th most expensive place to live in the world)
• congested roads and public transports (air pollution)
• young economical active people may enjoy the fast paced city life whereas retirees and lower earners may have negative perceptions of an area.
• skill shortage (restrictions of skilled migrants and history of low uptake on higher education)

Question 4

How may an urban place become successful?

Answer 4

Success may be a result for
- markets forces
- completion and innovation in a new globalised wold
- government led regeneration policies
E.g. London who has benefitted from is previous function (banking and as a globally connected capital) as well as government policies.

Question 5

What has driven success in rural areas?

Answer 5

• Counter urbanisation migration to rural areas with improved transport and communication (working form home)
• attractiveness of living environment
• tend to have lower rates of unemployment
• High accessibility and connections (Commuter town)
• growth in small/micro businesses

Question 6

What are the main social consequences of inequality?

Answer 6

• reduced trust with people in positions of power (governments and police)
• reduced participation and attachment to a place
  -increased segregation of socio-economic groups
• increased crime and property damage
• increased status completion (driving less affluent people into debt)
  These all led to an are becoming unsuccessful.

Question 7

Why is the effect of inequality maintained?

Answer 7

The results of inequality are intergenerational meaning a distaste for an area is lassoed down through families. This will happen until effective regeneration schemes, university education or sheer innovation takes place

Question 8

Why do urban areas decline and be thought of as ‘unsuccessful’

Answer 8

• Urban areas with high amounts of inequality (intergenerational perceptions)
• global shift (economic restructuring) creating deindustrialisation in areas leading to a spiral of decline. (unemployment, depopulation ect)
• environmental issues (lack of green space)

Question 9

What are the key characteristics of an unsuccessful location?

Answer 9

• increased social deprivation
• lower education levels
• lack of access to services and poor living environment
• high unemployment and crime

Question 10

Why do rural areas decline?

Answer 10

• faster ageing population due to the out migration of younge economically active in search of economic opportunity
• falling employment in farming and other primary sector work (mechanisation ect)
• shift in economic activity towards services such as low paid seasonal tourism.

Question 11

Why are there priority’s for regeneration?

Answer 11

Huge economic and social inequalities create different priorities for regeneration
- sink estates
- declining rural populations
Have higher regeneration needs
- gated communities
- commuter villages
Are lower priorities

Question 12

What is a sink estate?

Answer 12

A housing estate that is characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially in domestic violence, drugs and gangs.
They are the result of historically segregating low income groups relying on social assistance from the rest of society.
e.g. Lower Falinge is a sink estate in Rochdale housing about 1000 people, which was built in the 1970s. It has consistantly been ranked one of England’s most deprived areas.

Question 13

What is a gated community?

Answer 13

Communities found in both urban and rural locations as either individual or a group of houses with high security (CCTV) designed to deter crime.
Often occurs in areas of gentrification.

Question 14

What are commuter villages?

Answer 14

Settlements that have a proportion is their population ,being in them who commute daily or weekly into urban areas for work.
Normally created near major transport links (motorways and railways)

Question 15

How can levels of engage the be measured in local communities?

Answer 15

There are wide variations in engagement in local communities which can be measured by
- local and national election turnout
- development and support of local community groups

Question 16

What is local and national election turnouts?

Answer 16

This is the percentage of people who have a right to vote in an election that actually do vote.
In the general election in the UK

Question 17

What are the main trends of local and national election turnouts?

Answer 17

Turnout in usually lowest in deprived inner cities and higher in wealthy suburbs and commuter belt regions.
- only 55% of ethnic minorities groups chose to vote
- in 2014 local election turnout was about 36%

Question 18

What factors may explain variations in political engagement?

Answer 18

• language barriers, especially among recently arrived immigrants
• lack of trust in in politicians (younger populations and ethnicity minority groups p)
• feeling that one vote has no influence (minority populations)
• lack of belonging to a community may give feeling of isolation
  Communities in need of regeneration are most often the least engaged in the political processes that’s influence regenerations

Question 19

What does support vary for local community groups?

Answer 19

Support for local groups varies across that country, depending on local willingness to participate and the main aim of the group.

Question 20

What are local community groups?

Answer 20

Local community groups are a group of interacting people that live in a common location.
They vary from committees running local allotments or more powerful NIMBY groups that protest over planned developments.
Some groups help to fundraise to help more vulnerable people in the local community. ‘ neighbour hood watches’ may be significant in reducing antisocial behaviour.

Question 21

What is the lived experience of an area?

Answer 21

The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. Such experiences can have profound impacts of a persons perceptions and values, as well as on the general development and outlook on the world.

Question 22

What a factors affect a person lived experience?

Answer 22

Membership > a feeling of belonging, familiarity and being accepted
Influence > a sense of playing a part in a place, and hence caring about it

Question 23

What factors determine levels of engagement?

Answer 23

• age
• ethnicity
• gender
  -length of residence
• levels of deprivation

Question 24

How does age affect levels of engagement?

Answer 24

Younger people may fell less attached to a place due to globalisation. The use of social media and other media outlets makes them is a sense global citizens of a global culture and may struggle for a sense of acceptance in a local society.
Also influence by length of residence in the place.

Question 25

How does length of residence affect levels of engagement?

Answer 25

New migrants and students may have less of a strong attachment than longstanding locals with less involvement in community groups and projects.

Question 26

How does levels of deprivation affect people levels of engagement in an area?

Answer 26

Areas with high levels of deprivation may be associated with a population with negative anti-establishments views. Additionally people who rent or are in temporary accommodation may fell less ‘at home’.

Question 27

How does ethnicity affect levels of engagement?

Answer 27

Non-white British may have different views because of local acceptance, links to length of residence.

Question 28

How does gender affect levels of engagement in an area?

Answer 28

Despite modern equality women’s may still feel unsafe alone in an area reducing levels of engagement.
Stay at homes parents may be more active in local communities ‘PTAs’.

Question 29

How can conflicts occur between constraining groups in communities when it comes to regeneration?

Answer 29

• lack of political engagement and representation
• ethnical tensions
• inequality
• lack of economic opportunities
  Conflicts can occur when they’re are opposing views about the priorities and strategies in regeneration.

Question 30

Why can conflict happen in areas that have experienced studentification?

Answer 30

Concentrations of transient (impermeable) youthful groups who may have little regard for surrounding long term residence. This may lead to the involvement of some local authorities and restrictions on the number of uni accommodation in one area.

Question 31

How has attempts to regeneration northern England led to conflicts?

Answer 31

The ‘northern powerhouse’ is a concept annoyed in 2014 to empower cities in the north for England to become a unified economic force to rival London and the south east.
The distinct local intergenerational ‘identities’ may hinder plans as well as ‘rivalries’ between sports fans and lack of inter regional transport.

Question 32

Conclusion: why might regeneration be needed?

Answer 32

• economic and social inequalities - variations in lived experience and engagement

Inherent local characteristics, internal and external drivers of change results in economic and social inequalities which are targeted for regeneration. Programmes.
Inequality lead to differing perceptions and attachments to place and levels of engagement.

Question 33

Need to do 4A.6

Answer 33

LOCAL PLACE
(doing with mrs c)