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Physical geography main specification points Flashcards

1
Q

How can the global distribution of tectonic hazards be explained?

A
  • global distribution of hazards
  • distribution of plate boundary’s
  • intraplate earthquakes and volcanoes
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2
Q

What are the theoretical frameworks to explain plate movement?

A
  • plate tectonic and key elements (earth structures, mantle convection, sea floor spreading ect)
  • different plate margins and processes operating at them
  • physical processes that impact magnitude and focal depth (Benioff zone)
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3
Q

What physical processes explain the cause of tectonic hazards?

A
  • earthquakes waves and secondary hazards
  • volcanic secondary hazards
  • tsunamis formation
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4
Q

How can the occurrence of a disaster be explained?

A
  • hazard risk equation (vulnerability and resilience) Deggs
  • PAR model
  • social and economic impacts of a tectonic hazard (HIC,LIC and NEE)
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5
Q

Why are tectonic hazard profile important to understand hazard impacts, vulnerably and resilience?

A
  • Magnitude and intensity using scales
  • comparing characteristics (Magnitude, speed of onset, areal extent, frequency and spatial predictability)
  • profiles on the social and economic impacts
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6
Q

How is governance important in understanding disaster impact, vulnerability and resilience?

A
  • Inequality to acesse to education, housing, healthcare and income opportunities affecting vulnerability and resilience
  • governance affecting geographical factors (pop density, isolation and degree of urbanisation and development)
  • compare hazard event to show different
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7
Q

How can tectonic hazard trends explain differential impacts?

A
  • trends since 1960
  • megadisasters
  • multiple hazard zones and hydrometerological hazards
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8
Q

How do theoretical frameworks be used to understand the prediction, impact and management?

A
  • prediction and forecasting accuracy
  • stages in hazard management
  • Parks model showing disaster on different stages of development
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9
Q

How can tectonic hazard be managed through mitigation and adaptation?

A
  • modify the event (landuse and hazard resistance buildings, lava diversion)
  • modify the vulnerability (monitoring, prediction, education and community preparedness)
  • modify the loss (aid and insurance)
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10
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A
  • littoral zone
  • classification of coasts (long term and short term)
  • type of coastlines
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11
Q

How does geological structure influence the development of coastal landscapes at a variety of scales?

A
  • concordant vs disconcordant
  • coastal morphology (Dalmation, Half, headland and bays)
  • Geological structure (jointing, dip, faults) important for erosion and micro features
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12
Q

How does lithology affect rates of coastal recession and stability?

A
  • bedrock lithology (type of rock), unconsolidated material
  • differential erosion at alternating strata
  • vegetation
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13
Q

How does marine erosion create distinct coastal landforms and coastal landscapes?

A
  • wave type and how it varies
  • erosional processes and influences
  • erosional landforms
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14
Q

How does sediment transport create distinct landforms and contribute to coastal landscape?

A
  • influence of sediment transport (angle of wave, long shore drift, tides and currents)
  • depositional landforms
  • sediment cells
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15
Q

How do subaerial processes influence coastal landforms and landscapes?

A
  • weathering and types
  • mass movement
  • mass movement landforms (rotational scars, talus scree slopes and Terrance cliff profiles)
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16
Q

How does sea level change influence coasts on different timescales?

A
  • long terms sea level rise eustatic and isostatic
  • emergent and submerged coastlines and features
  • contemporary sea level rise (global warming and tectonic activity)
17
Q

How does rapid coastal retreat create threats to costal communities?

A
  • causes of coastal recession (physical influenced by human)
  • subaerial processes
  • influences on rates of erosion
18
Q

How is coastal flooding increasing risk for some coastlines?

A
  • local factors (height of coastline, subsidence, vegetation removal) so increasing sea level increase risk
  • storm surge events
  • climate change (sea level rise, magnitude of storms)
19
Q

How is increased risk of coastal recession and flooding having serious consequences?

A
  • economic losses and social losses (partially bad in dense coastal development)
  • impacts of coast flooding and storm surges
  • climate change creating environmental refugees
20
Q

What are the different approaches to managing risk of coastal recession and flooding?

A
  • hard engineering
  • soft engineering
  • sustainable management
21
Q

How are coastlines managed by ICZM?

A
  • Littoral cells concept to manage coastlines
  • Shoreline management policy decisions
  • creating conflict
22
Q

Why is the hydrological cycle importance to life on earth?

A
  • the hydrological cycle (closed system)
  • the relative importance and size of the water stores and annual fluxes
  • the global water budget
23
Q

What is the drainage basin (open system)?

A
  • systems of linked processes and flows (inputs and outputs)
  • physical factors in a drainages basin determent he relative importance of inputs, loss and outputs
  • human interference
24
Q

How does the hydrological cycle influence water budgets and river systems at a local scale?

A
  • what are water budgets (show annual balance between inputs and outputs)
  • river regimes
  • storm hydrographs
25
Q

What causes deficits within the hydrological cycle?

A
  • courses of drought (precipitation deficit, ENSO, climate change)
  • contribution of human activity (over abstraction)
  • impact of droughts on ecosystem functioning (wetland and forest stress)
26
Q

What causes surplus within the hydrological cycle?

A
  • causes of flooding (intense storms, prolonged rainfall, extreme monsoon rainfall and snow melt)
  • human action that exacerbate flood risk (changing land use, mismanagement)
  • damage from flooding on environment (environmental and socio-economic)
27
Q

How has climate change impacted the hydrological system globally and locally?

A
  • affects inputs and outputs within the hydrological cycle
  • affects stores and flows, size of snow and glacier mass, lakes amount go permafrost, soil moistures level and rates of surface runoff and stream flow)
  • climate change is due to short term oscillation (ENSO) and creates uncertainties.
28
Q

What are the causes of water insecurity?

A
  • mismatch between supply and demand leading to a global pattern of water stress
  • physical causes (climate change, salt water encroachment) and human causes (over-extraction and contamination)
  • water in finite and facing pressure from rising demand (increase population, improving living standard and economic development)
29
Q

What are the consequences and risks of water insecurity?

A
  • causes and global pattern of physical water scarcity and economic scarcity and variation in price of water
  • importance of water supply fro economic development (industry, energy supply and agriculture), and human wellbeing (sanitation, health and food preparation)
  • potential of conflicts both transboundary and local
30
Q

What are the different approaches to managing water?

A
  • tehcnofixes and hard engineering (desalination, water transfer and mega dams)
  • sustainable schemes (restoration of supply and water conservation)
  • integrated drainage basin management and water sharing treaties

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