Health, Human rights and Intervention EQ1

Question 1

What are the main way to measure human development?

Answer 1

• human development index (HDI)
• literacy’s rates
• life expectancy
• happy planet index (HPI)
• freedom index
• gender inequality

Question 2

Why is modern development measure using social indicators?

Answer 2

In the modern world the concept of development is more rounded and wider not only focusing on wealth and economic growth by also looking at quality of life and human development.
There is a significant relationship between wealth levels and income.

Question 3

What is the main ways to measure economic development?

Answer 3

• gross national income (GNI)
• gross domestic product (GDP)

Question 4

What is the happy planet index?

Answer 4

This is one of the leading global measurement of sustainable well being. Founded in 2006, it combines ecological footprint, wellbeing and life expectancy. The country with the highest HPI is Costa Rica with a score of 64.0.

Question 5

What are the downfall to the Happy planet index?

Answer 5

• 2/3 of measurement is based highly aggregated and subjective data
  -only life expectancy is a reliable data set
• population may perceive well-being in different contexts or expected better things.

Question 6

What are the benefits of using Gross domestic product as a measure of development?

Answer 6

• economic growth is the catalyst and drives others types of development
• advances in health and life expectancy can only be delivered by economic growth.

Question 7

What are the downfalls of using GDP as a measure of development?

Answer 7

• focuses only on economic growth, modern concept of development has shifted to well being ect economic growth doesn’t necessarily led to improvements in human development
• complex relationship between income and life satisfaction
• economic growth tend to exploit environment/resources negatively impacting environmental aspect of development
• informal economy not included in GDP

Question 8

What is the development cable (model)?

Answer 8

Identifies that in order for a country to develop there are key development factors interacting
- need both social and economic development to attract FDI
- need a sustainable environment
- progress society (breaking down intergenerational concepts)
- low inequality
- democratic government

Question 9

What is the modernisation theory?

Answer 9

Rostow : In order for development to take place, traditional societies need to adopt western values and go through industrialisations and gain industrial growth.
C > doesn’t take into consideration non-economic factors

Question 10

What is the dependency theory?

Answer 10

Frank : the population of less developed counties are not to blame for the failure of their societies to develop. Instead colonial history has resulted in LIC counties (Peripheral) unable to be self sufficient and to have to rely on hand out form core regions.

Question 11

What is the world systems theory?

Answer 11

A view of the world in which countries are placed into different economic ‘classes’ to explain their economic relationship with one another. Shows a three tiered world.”peripheral’, ‘semi-peripheral’ and ‘core’

Question 12

What is Sharia law?

Answer 12

Sharia law is the law of Islam, it creates the legal system in most Muslim counties e.g. theft is punishable by amputation of right hand and a women cannot drive or speak alone to a man who’s not their husband or related to them.

Question 13

Why is Sharia law, hindering or aiding development?

Answer 13

Sharia law directly contradicts basic human rights, drastically hindering any human development that could take place. The high amounts of inequality and strict laws (when loaning money not allowed to charge interest and any foreign banks have to adopted these laws). Restricting women’s education can also reduce educated workforce?.
C > some on the world richest countries Qatar and United Arab Emirates apply Sharia laws.

Question 14

What is Bolivia new development approach?

Answer 14

Evo Morales (president) has adopted a new development approach to reduce inequality and focus in human rights.

Question 15

What Evo Morales new development approach led to in Bolivia (+ and -)?

Answer 15

+ half a billion Bolivia lifted out of poverty
+ more sustainable society (law of ‘mother nature)
- 20% of population still lack access to clean water and 40% of population still without sanitation’s

Question 16

Who is Hans Rosling and what is his views on development?

Answer 16

Rosling was a Swedish physician. He believed that future goals should be to improve environmental quality, health, human rights and life expectancy of the poorest s counties as inherited believed it to be essential to economic growth. He stressed that a stable government and good health will unlock a countries economic potential. E.g. Bolivia
C > economic growths is needed to fund sanitation and health infrastructure

Question 17

Why is education essential for development of a country?

Answer 17

• education is essential as it add to the human capital within a country
• strong correlation between number of years in education and future earning potential
• better education also contributes to a better understanding of human rights (more likely to inforce them)

Question 18

Why is there differences in education levels globally?

Answer 18

There are massive variation with education globally as a result of
- poverty (Sub- Sharan Africa)
- disparities relating to gender (Afghanistan).
- governmental priorities
e.g UNESCO has found that education is still inaccessible to over 60 million children of primary school ages

Question 19

What is UNESCO?

Answer 19

The United national educational, scientific and cultural organisation work towards ensuring that every child has access to quality education as a fundamental human right and as a prerequisite for human development. Helps to raise literacy rates.

Question 20

What is an example about how gender equality has affected education?

Answer 20

In low income Sub-Saharan Africa, fewer girls than boys finish both primary and secondary school as education often costs money and boys are prioritised.
E..g. 54% of the worlds non schooled population are girls

Question 21

What is an example on how high poverty levels have impacted education levels?

Answer 21

Africa educational achievements are extremely low and in 2020
- 50% of student expected to leave education after primary school
- fewer then 10% will have any post secondary education
E.g. Nigeria only 8% of children reach grade 4 (basic literacy and numeracy skills)

Question 22

What is the human development index and how is it calculated?

Answer 22

HDI provides a way to measure human development. It takes into account life expectancy, education (years of schooling) and economic growth (income per capita)

Question 23

What re the positives of HDI?

Answer 23

• relies of statistical data that are collect frequently and widely
• this means it can monitor developmental over a year of period of years
  + balance or economic and social measures

Question 24

Why are their variations in health and life expectancy in the developing world?

Answer 24

• differential access to basic needs (food, water and sanitation)
• tend to have low incomes per capita (can’t afford medicine ect)
  Shorts falls in the necessities immediately increase the risk of disease, ill health and premature death.

Question 25

How do you measure the difference in health globally?

Answer 25

Quite difficult to measure
- life expectancy
- number of doctors per 100,000 (pop per doc)
- % of population with regular access to essential drugs

Question 26

Why is sufficient levels of health important for development?

Answer 26

• poor health can hinder economic growth e.g. childhood disease can led to stunted growth (cognitive and physical),
• HIV/AID can create a population chimney (ageing population), reduced ability to work
• family member may turn into carers
• may divert income from food ect to medical bills

Question 27

What is an example of poor health in the developing world?

Answer 27

Democratic Republic of the Congo:
- live in a state of moderate to severe food insecurity (40% of children under 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition
- water supply of 47.6% of the population is poor (water borne disease is rife)
- some of the world highest infant and, alternative mortality rates (most women have children before 20)
Poor sanitation have massive impacts if mortality, but key issue is poor access to healthcare.

Question 28

Why are their variations in health and life expectancy in the developed world?

Answer 28

In the developed world variations are largely a function of differences in
- lifestyles
- levels of deprivation
- availability, cost and effectiveness of medical care.

Question 29

Why does differences in lifestyle create variations with life expectancy?

Answer 29

• inactive lifestyle
• poor diet
• substance abuse
  Have contributed to 36% of adults in the USA being obese, leading to high levels of diabetes and heart disease lowering life expectancy.
  Japanese and South Korea’s diets consists of more fish vegetables and rice then western diets (who rely on fast food)l better diet leads to lower levels of cancer ect

Question 30

How does differing amounts of deprivation create variations in life expectancy?

Answer 30

Deprivation can be used to explain a situation of poor diet and poor housing (heating, insulation) and poor sanitation which can create significant health risks, ultimately increasing death rates.

Question 31

How do differences in quality and accessibility led to differences in life expectancy in the developed world?

Answer 31

• countries with national health services that are ‘free’ funded by tax
• countries were health care needs to be paid for through insurance or the individual
  The former helps to increase life expectancy as healthcare is therefor accessible to everyone and tend to be constant throughout countries. Whereas non public health care such as America people need expensive healthcare policies which may can’t afford.
  E.g. USA has highest health spending per capita in the world but still has an infant mortality rates of 5.97% per 1000.
  Additionally differences in health care practise (is it modern?) and innovation can have an impact.

Question 32

Why do health and life expectancy vary within countries?

Answer 32

• ethnicity
• poverty and deprivation (income levels)
• lifestyle
• inequality’s

Two-tiered economy/dual society’s

Question 33

What is an example of how life expectancy and health varies on account of ethnicity

Answer 33

Australia:
Australia with European ancestry having life expectancies of 20 years longer than the indigenous Aboriginal people. This is because income is lower, community’s being marginalised into rural areas and high levels of drug and alcohol abuse.

Question 34

What in an example of health and life expectancy difference within a country?

Answer 34

UK:
The north south divide is an example of variations. The de-industrialised north suffers from population with low income lending to poor diets and high obesity (can’t afford ‘organic fresh food), intergenerational cycles kd lifestyle. Whereas post industrialised societies (blue collar work) may have better air quality and housing situations. Heart disease can cancer are commonly found in more deprived areas.
E.g. life expectancy of an average man in Manchester 15 years lower than a man in London.

Question 35

Why do governments play a huge role in social and economic progress?

Answer 35

The type of government (capitalists ect) has a massive influence in what type of development take place by prioritising
- economic development (infrastructure spending, power grids and attracting FDI)
- human development (education, health care ect)
- environmental welling (reducing pollution, clean water and protecting ecosystem)

Question 36

What is social progress?

Answer 36

Social progress is about meeting basic human needs, reading well-being and creating economic opportunities for people. The rate of social progress can be accelerated by government intervention (national health services and free education), social enterprise and social activism (international aim e.g, empowering women).

Question 37

What is a totalitarian regime?

Answer 37

A system of government that is centralised and dictatorial, it requires complete subservience to the state with control being in hands of the elite.

Question 38

Why are attitudes towards social progress different?

Answer 38

Government can be classified using two continua one running form left wind (socialist) to right wing (capitalists) and the other form democratic (regularly elected government body) to authoritarian and totalitarian. Where a government is located along these two continua will be reflected in its attitudes towards human development or social progress.

Question 39

What the gene,a pattern of government spending on health and education?

Answer 39

Generally countries with democratically elected government are more likely to spend in the welfare of their people (exception include Venezuela) and counties with totalitarian government run by elites consistently show low levels of spending.

Question 40

What is the social progress index?

Answer 40

The social progress index try’s to quantify how well government provide for their people based in three factors basic human needs (sanitation and water ect), foundations of well-being (education, access to internet ect) and opportunity (political freedom gender Inequality ect),Democratic countries spend more income per capita in education and health than authoritarian regimes.

Question 41

What is the general view of IGOs on development?

Answer 41

IGOs development efforts are very much focused on economic development promoting their new-liberal views seeing it as a springboard in advancing in social progress and human development.

Question 42

What are neo-liberal views?

Answer 42

• reduced state intervention
• free markets capitalism
• freedom for private business to trade and earn profits
• promoting free trade between countries
• deregulation of free markets
• privatisation of state assets
  The belief is that all these will aid development as the private wealth will trickle down, and that the poorest will eventually benefit from the strengthened economy.

Question 43

What are the drawbacks to IGOS and neoliberalism?

Answer 43

• IGOS promote structural adjustment (Bolivia)
• benefits businesses and TNCs far more than ordinary people (inequality and widening development gaps)
• focuses on industrialisation, trade and jobs that are concentrated in urban areas meaning rural area miss out on economic growth
• focuses on profit and economic growth at the expense of the environment

Question 44

What are the world banks aims and how is is aiding social progress?

Answer 44

The world bank is responsible for lending money to emerging and developing countries for projects such as roads and hydroelectric power in order to promote development.
It helps education as its part of the Global Partnership for education (GPE) which invest in early childhood education (sound systems). Additionally invested over $35 million in education programmes.

Question 45

What are the International Monetary Fund aims and how is is aiding social progress?

Answer 45

They help to promote economic stability by intervening in countries experiencing economic difficulties. In return for loans and adjusted interest rates counties have to impose structural readjustment programmes (privatisation of water and energy) befitting TNCs.
They are part of a poverty reduction programme were counties are required to develop their own development plans to receive aid. E.g, Haiti making their economy more resilient aims to make it an emerging economy by 2030.

Question 46

What are The World Trade Organisations aims and how is is aiding social progress?

Answer 46

Promotes free trade through negotiations between countries. This have frequently resulted in environmental degradation e.g. in Indonesia rainforest has been cleared for palm oil production.
Most WTO policies now try to restrict the international movement of products/specie that are endangered and challenge trade agreements where there may be implications for climate change.

Question 47

What are the different ways to tackle the development gab?

Answer 47

• international aid
• international trade (WTO, fair trade)
• transnational corporations (break down poverty cycle through employment, fund infrastructure and improve human capita, through education and training)
• IGOs
• debt relief/reduction

Question 48

What are the Millennium development goals?

Answer 48

A set of targets agreed to in 2000 in a series conference of world leaders. The aim was to fight poverty and combat issues hindering human development. 8 targets where agreed which were set to happen by 2015.

Question 49

What were the main successes of the MDGs?

Answer 49

• infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa fell by 53%
• number of people living in extreme poverty fell by 54% from 1.9 billion to 836 million (c > 500 million of those were from China)
• primary school enrolment increased from 83% to 91%
• maternal mortality fell form 330 to 210 deaths per 100,000 live births
• parliamentary representation of women increased in her Kay 90% of counties

Question 50

What where the drawback to the MDGs?

Answer 50

• only one of the goals (halving the number of people without safe access to drinking water) has been achieved
• some counties such as China account for a large proportion of success masking limited progress in South Asia and Africa
• all by one MDG focused on poverty reduction rather then wealth creation.
• by 2015, 800 people stilled lived in extreme poverty
• very uneven progress e.g, sub-Saharan Africa won’t reach MDG goals until 2147 at the current development rate.

Question 51

How did the MDGs affect Bangladesh?

Answer 51

Bangladesh made big progresses in education (97.7% of children in education), child mortality and 6% growth in GDP.
C > eradicating extreme poverty didn’t go so well creating greater internal inequality.

Question 52

What are the sustainable development goals?

Answer 52

A post-2015 development agenda to take rover form the MDGs. A more holistic approach with 17 aims and stakeholders in 70 countries to be achieved by 2030. They are’s the root causes of poverty using
- sustainable development
- democratic governance and peace building
- climate and disaster resilience