Regeneration EQ2 Flashcards
What makes a region successful?
New opportunities encourage inward migration, which boosts the regions economy, encouraging new development. For example:
- new industry enters
- more jobs created, purchasing power increases
- enlarged pool of trained labour and high rates of employment
- demand for services increased = shops, schools, and hospitals
- population rises
- spending power increases with improved tax revenues
- tertiary sector grows
-new industry enters….
What is a two tier economy ?
- high demand for housing creates high property prices and rents
- workers in less well paid jobs are unable to afford the housing and may have to leave the region
- a skills shortage can develop if there are not enough highly skilled workers to fill new positions, or people able to accept lower paid, lower skilled jobs because of the cost of living
- solving these issues can require investment in affordable housing, training, recruiting highly skilled overseas migrants and using low skilled migrants for low paid work.
What is a spiral of decline?
It’s a negative multiplier effect. Example includes:
— closure if a factory
— redundant workforce
— outwards migration
— closure of more shops
— long term unemployment
— less money to spend
— housing fall into disrepair
— depression and despair
— growth in crime
What makes a region decline ?
-deindustrialisation can result in unemployment, triggering a spiral of decline
- loss of major employees has a devastating effect on employment because there are fewer job opportunities
- unemployment means less money to spend
- lack of opportunity also affects young peoples motivation, this has a negative impact on educational achievement
- without other opportunities people are more likely to turn to crime, such as drug dealing, to make money
Describe deindustrialisation in the Rust Belt, USA ?
Reasons for the decline here include:
- overseas companies produced cheaper coal and steel
- mining companies have mechanised to cut costs, resulting in job losses
- lower wage costs in south Eastern USA have led to the relocation of the steel and car industries.
- 80,000 jobs were lost in Michigan during this period
The decline in work has caused a population decline, high unemployment and crime…
Describe the Middlesbrough case study
- Middlesbrough struggled with the consequences of deindustrialisation. Since 1990 around 20000 people have left
- education is suffering: in 2014, half of all secondary school students went to schools that ‘required improvements’
- 2015 IMD reported Middlesbrough has most deprived
Describe sink estate ?
- council housing estates characterised by high levels of levels of economic and social deprivation
Describe gated community
- affluent neighbourhood of towns or cities where houses are designed with gates and fences to improve privacy and safety
Describe commuter village
- affluent rural area where residents travel to work in urban areas rather than depending on the rural economy for jobs
Describe declining rural settlements
- rural settlements once dominated by primary economic activities but which have lost some or most of these activities
- these settlements have low IMD scores because of lower employment, an ageing population and social problems related to drug use
Why are there priorities for regeneration?
- all governments would like to transform struggling areas
- to be sustainable, economy needs to grow and poverty needs to be tackled
- successful schemes start with an assessment of the problems followed by a plan
Why are there variations in levels of engagement?
Engagement with place is measured by turnout in national and local elections and by support for community groups
- national election turnout has generally declined in many countries since the 1980s. This is often thought to be due to national political parties failing to connect with the real issues affecting people
- however, the 2014 Scottish independence referendum had a turnover of nearly 85% (20% higher than political engagement in London)
- Brexit had a 73% turnover
What are the factors that affect lived experiences of a place?
1) Gender identity
- women are more likely to be politically engaged because they face problems like the ‘gender pay gap’
2) age
- younger generations are more for change in an area then older generations
3) level of deprivation
- deprived places encourage negative experiences and often have a weaker community that is less well integrated, meaning a lower attachment to a place
4) ethnicity
- people in BAME community normally live in poorer conditions than others. They may also experience different experiences of exclusion in a place, which affects attachment
5) religion
6) length of residence
- people that have lived in the area for a long time will feel more comfortable with a change while newer residents may not be funky comfortable with making a change
- older residents also more likely to have attachments to a place
What are the different causes of conflicting views ?
1) lack of political engagement
- leaves some groups feeling powerless to influence and resentment against those who appear to have too much influence
2) ethnic tensions
- between new migrants and longer established residence, especially when tensions are intensified by external events or perceptions by one group that other ethnicities are getting preferential treatment
3) inequalities
- improved property prices in regeneration deprived areas threaten to exclude longer term residents who are less well off from the place they have lived in for many years
4) lack of economic opportunities
- regeneration can threaten to reduce opportunities, for instance by closing workshops located in the arches underneath railway bridges
What were the reasons for the 2011 London Riots?
- poor relationship between black community and police = black peoples would often get stopped and searched by police. Thus made them more angry so they would join in with the riots
- urban deprivation =north London borough of Haringey has seen continual economic decline since the 1970s
- high unemployment = most of the looters were under 20 with no jobs, they had ‘nothing else to do’ so joined in with the rioting
- ## lots of petty criminality = many just joined in and it got out of control before the police stepped in
