Regeneration - EQ1 Flashcards
How can economic activity be classified?
1) primary sector - extraction of raw resources e.g, mining or farming
2) secondary sector - manufacturing and processing
3) tertiary sector - service sector e.g, tourism or education
4) quaternary sector - High tech research
5) quinary sector - CEOs
What are the different types of employment ?
1) permanent contracts - have no fixed date for end of employment
2) temporary contacts - will set a date for end of employment
3) full time - permanent contract where people are working 35+ hrs a week
4) part time - permanent contact but with fewer hours then than full time
5) employed - employee of a company
6) self employed - someone who works for themself
Describe the differences in economic activity
People in some places of the UK are paid more than others. Reasons for this:
1) different employment sectors
2) different costs of living
- prices for housing and food are more expensive in London then elsewhere in the country
3) differences in employment opportunities
- some parts of the UK have high unemployment rates e.g 2014 Hartlepool had unemployment rate of 30%
How does employment and income cause variation in social impacts?
There’s a strong correlation between areas with low pay and areas with low QOL
- health inequalities: make and females living in the most deprived areas spend nearly a third of their lives in poor health, compared with w sixth in the least deprived areas
- life expectancy: males living in the most deprived tenth of areas can expect to live 9 fewer years then males living in the least deprived areas
- levels of education: family income is an important factor in educational success. Working class white children living in poverty have lower educational attainment and are most likely to continue to underachieve in education
How do the QOL indicies reflect inequalities in pay levels?
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
- used by governments and local authorities to target regeneration aid, allocate resources and target hotspots in crime
- places are ranked by their relative level of deprivation
- not everyone is ‘deprived’ in a highly deprived area and some deprived families live in the least deprived areas
How have places changed their functions over time?
The function of a place is what the place does for its community and its surroundings. Overtime, places that started off providing a single function have become multifunctional:
1) administrative functions = organisation of services like waste disposal
2) commercial and retail functions = a place that is the main shopping destination for region
3) industrial functions = some places are still strongly identified with particular industries
How have a places demographics changed ?
1) age structure = rural airhead in the UK are increasingly elderly, while urban areas often have an increasingly youthful population
2) ethnic composition = migrants arriving from the Caribbean, West Africa and India after WW2 often clustered together in major cities
3) gentrification = the process of improving an area to make it more acceptable to a wealthier social group. It attracts higher income people into formerly poorer urban areas
What are the reasons why a place might change ?
1) physical factors
- coastal erosion, increasing flood risk, concern about climate change
2) historical development
- the primary, historical functions of places are often no longer important e,g, port cities lose their primary functions when trade routes change
- repurposing of historic buildings
3) accessibility and connectedness
- developing motorways and railway networks, increased migration
4) role of local and national planning
- national government policies to increase housing, improve accessibility and connectedness
- national government policies to conserve culturally or environmentally important places
What are the ways change can be measured?
1) land use changes
- google maps, photographs of change over time
2) demographic changes
- census data
3) levels of deprivation
- crime data, IMD, school performances
4) employment trends
- jobs fit into societies so a change in jobs means change
CASE STUDY: London’s East End
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What are the influences that help shape Kingston?
Regional:
- people migrating to the area from local places
- Hampton court palace
- high demand on houses
National:
- university
- government schemes
International
- people moving country for work
- food cultures
How have social changes influenced peoples identities?
- high levels of immigration in London has caused ‘super diversity’
- socio economic conflicts mixed with racial tension and other civil rights issues and LGBTQ movement may cause areas to adopt a new identity.
- ## changing identity could dine from changing patterns.
How have social changes influenced peoples identities in Kingston?
1) regional
- Chessington world of adventures brings tourism and money for local economy
- Hampton court palace means people come to see it as it holds lots of history
2) national
- Kingston university, more students are encouraged to study here by an increase in housing
3) international
- Brexit is having an impact on the economy as the retail sector has been hard hit by lack of sales
- twinned with Oldenburg in Germany promoting different cultures
4) global
- Lidl headquarters are now based in Tolworth, Lidl is a German company
- Bentalls shopping centre is full of shops from different countries e.g, Zara from Spain, tortilla from Mexico
How have social changes influenced peoples identities in Hackney?
1) regional
- 4 London overground tube stations in Hackney which connect it to the rest of London
2) national
- Hackney has a labour government in power. He’s responsible for financial management and the delivery of service in the constituency
3) international
- 2016, £1bn EU investment to build thousands of affordable homes in London
- a large Jewish community in Hackney in the post war also led to twinning with Israel which there are still exchanged between schools and hospitals
4) global
- global bands may outcompete local bands
- many global brands located along a newly developed Hackney Walk including: a large Nike store, Burberry and UGG
