Regeneration EQ1 - How and why do places vary?

Question 1

What is a place?

Answer 1

Geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time

Question 2

What is the rural-urban continuum?

Answer 2

The unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated, remote rural places to densely populated, intensively used urban places

Question 3

What is dynamism?

Answer 3

The rate at which places change

Question 4

What is regeneration?

Answer 4

Long term upgrading of existing urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas to bring about social and economic change on a long-term scale

Question 5

How can economic activity be classified?

Answer 5

• by sector (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
• by type of employment (part time/full time, temporary/permanent, employed/self employed)

Question 6

What is the primary sector?

Answer 6

Jobs involving the extraction or production of raw materials

Question 7

What is the secondary sector?

Answer 7

Jobs involving the manufacturing or production of raw materials

Question 8

What is the tertiary sector?

Answer 8

Jobs made up of different types of services from the public, private or voluntary sectors

Question 9

What is the quarternary sector?

Answer 9

Jobs involving the provision of specialist services, which can include law, finance and ICT

Question 10

What are the 3 types of employment?

Answer 10

• employees with contracts (permanent or fixed)
• workers (agency staff and volunteers)
• self-employed (freelancers, consultants and contractors)

Question 11

What are some of the controversial aspects of work?

Answer 11

• Gender gap narrowed, but still exists (men paid 10% more on average than women)
• Zero-hours contracts, designed for casual ‘piece work’ or ‘on call’ work
• Illegal work
• Temporary and seasonal work usually has low pay

Question 12

How are differences in economic activity reflected?

Answer 12

By variations in social factors
- health
- life expectancy
- levels of education

Question 13

What is a location quotient?

Answer 13

A mapable ratio that helps show specialisation in any data distribution being studied

Question 14

What is gross value added?

Answer 14

A measure of the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector

Question 15

What is the postcode lottery?

Answer 15

The uneven distribution of local personal health and health services nationally, especially in mental health, early cancer diagnosis, and emergency care for the elderly

Question 16

What is the Glasgow effect?

Answer 16

The impacts of poor health linked to deprivation

Question 17

How is health linked to economic sectors?

Answer 17

Variations in income can affect the quality of people’s housing and diets.
Geographical factors = spatial distribution of food - access to food and lifestyle choices
Variations in healthcare nationally - postcode lottery

Question 18

What are factors that impact life expectancy?

Answer 18

• Gender
• Income
• Occupation
• Education
• Diet
• Smoking

Question 19

How does education link to deprivation?

Answer 19

Education is inequal across UK - outcome (measured by examination success) is strongly linked to income levels
Children in poverty have lower educational achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve

Question 20

What is household food insecurity?

Answer 20

A household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food

Question 21

How are inequalities in pay levels across economic sectors and in different types of employment reflected?

Answer 21

In quality of life indices

Question 22

What is quality of life?

Answer 22

The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators such as health, happiness, educational achievement, income and leisure time

Question 23

What are functions?

Answer 23

The roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. These may be regional, national or even global, and can grow, disappear and change over time

Question 24

What are characteristics?

Answer 24

The physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another
e.g. location, natural features, layout, cultural traits, architecture

Question 25

What are the 4 main functions?

Answer 25

• administrative
• commercial
• retail
• industrial

Question 26

What are demographic changes?

Answer 26

Changes in characteristics of age structure and ethnic composition of an area (also includes gentrification)

Question 27

What are functional changes?

Answer 27

An area’s purpose shifting, often due to the people that live there

Question 28

What is gentrification?

Answer 28

A change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location

Question 29

What are the positives of gentrification?

Answer 29

New investment attracted to the area, increased property values, crime rates drop, ease strain on public infrastructure while vacancy rates lowered, PME

Question 30

What are the negatives of gentrification?

Answer 30

Working class pushed out by rising prices, this can lead to social tension and conflict, social division, segregation

Question 31

What are the factors explaining reasons for change in a place?

Answer 31

• physical factors
• accessibility and connectedness
• historical development
• role of local and national planning

Question 32

What are the physical factors affecting the changing characteristics of places?

Answer 32

• location
• environment
• technology

Question 33

What historical development factors affect the changing characteristics of places?

Answer 33

• post production era
• competition for optimum site of functions
• changes in consumer trends
• increased affluence (more leisure/tourism)
• historic buildings

Question 34

What are the roles of planning by governments/other stakeholders that affect the changing characteristics of places?

Answer 34

• national government policies
• ‘plan led’ system, tight control over developments, zoning (Green Belts)
• conservation area policies
• central government intervention
• local planning centres
• image

Question 35

How can change be measured?

Answer 35

• employment trends
• demographic changes
• land use changes
• levels of deprivation (IMD)

Question 36

What are the 7 domains of deprivation included in the IMD?

Answer 36

Income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, living environment

Question 37

How does the IMD help identify places in need of regeneration?

Answer 37

Provides a relative scale for comparison rather than an absolute one
Shows changes over time
Good synopsis of deprivation (weighting of different domains)
Allows resources to be correctly allocated or crime targeted

Question 38

3 key facts about Harpenden (local place)

Answer 38

• unemployment rate lower than national average and Herts average
• house prices triple the national average
• 16 Ofsted Outstanding schools

Question 39

3 key facts about Luton (contrasting local place)

Answer 39

• 7% unemployment rate (over national average)
• 14 schools rated by Ofsted as ‘needing improvement’
• average house price is £300,000

Question 40

Social and economic changes in Harpenden due to regional and national influences (local place)

Answer 40

ECONOMIC
- creation of the Thameslink service to St. Pancras transformed Harpenden into a prosperous commuter town with a population of around 30,000
- many people live in the town for the attractive green landscape and surroundings but also for the proximity to London and ability to commute into work easily
SOCIAL
- good educational centre means that an intelligent workforce is generated

Question 41

Sense of identity in Harpenden due to social and economic changes (local place)

Answer 41

• reasonably small town surrounded by countryside, giving it clear boundaries and therefore a sense of place
• sense of place identity strengthened by named institutions e.g., Harpenden Station, Harpenden Town FC, Harpenden Arms pub.
• strong sense of community due to events such as pub quizzes, remembrance parades and Christmas fairs. Local schools also compete against each other in sporting and academic competitions.

Question 42

Social and economic changes in Luton (contrasting local place)

Answer 42

ECONOMIC
- history of manufacturing industries (automotive, hat making)
SOCIAL
- suffers from tension and a lack of integration due to diverse ethnic mix (significant population of Asian descent due to several waves of immigration)
- one of three British white minority towns
- identified in the media as an area of people with extremist social and religious viewpoints: several public Muslim protests

Question 43

Reasons that Luton is not as successful as Harpenden (contrasting local place)

Answer 43

• intergenerational cycle of deprivation
• a less desirable place to live, portrayed in media as having tensions and extremists.
• manufacturing jobs are less well paid – no opportunity for job growth etc.