Globalisation EQ3 - Consequences of globalisation for environment and development, players Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

Development generally means the ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants

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2
Q

What does a measure need to be valid and reliable?

A

Valid - broad agreement that it had relevance
Reliable - must use trustworthy data

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3
Q

What is the informal sector?

A

Unofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation

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4
Q

What is the Gini Coefficient?

A

A measure of the distribution of income across a population - higher Gini index indicates greater inequality as high income individuals receive a greater proportion of the population’s total income

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5
Q

What are the economic measures of globalisation?

A
  • income per capita
  • economic sector balance
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6
Q

What is income per capita, and what is GDP?

A

Income per capita is the mean average income of a group of people
GDP is a widely used aggregate measure and is the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nation’s borders

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7
Q

What is a country’s economic sector balance?

A

A country or region’s economy can be crudely divided into 4 economic sectors whose relative importance changes as a country develops (Clarke Fisher model)

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8
Q

What are the social measures of globalisation?

A
  • HDI
  • Gender Inequality Index
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9
Q

What is the HDI?

A

The Human Development Index is a composite measure that ranks countries according to economic criteria and social criteria.
3 main indicators = life expectancy, income, education

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10
Q

What is the Gender Inequality Index?

A

A composite index devised by UNDP, measures gender inequalities related to 3 aspects of social and economic development
3 aspects = reproductive health, empowerment, labour force participation rate

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11
Q

What indicator is often used to display environmental quality?

A

Air pollution data (generally poor in developing and emerging economies)

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12
Q

What are the changing spatial patterns of global wealth?

A
  • Average incomes have risen in all continents since 1950, but only very slowly in poorest parts of Africa
  • Great gains made by European and NA nations results in widening of average income gap between world’s wealthy and poor countries
  • Absolute poverty fallen worldwide
  • Many countries have advanced from low-income to middle-income status since 70s
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13
Q

What are the major environmental issues linked with globalisation?

A

Climate change and biodiversity loss
40% of Earth’s terrestial surface transformed into productive agricultural land, leading to habitat loss and biodiversity decline
Negative impacts of large agribusiness operations - intensive cash-cropping, cattle ranching

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14
Q

Who are the social and economic winners and losers in Africa and why?

A

WINNERS - North Africa, where large income gains have been made in coastal hubs which are ‘growth engines’. Strong middle class growth is expected here
LOSERS - Sub-Saharan Africa due to geographical isolation and political extremism, poverty remains. This has led to falling life expectancy due to conflict and human rights abuses

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15
Q

What are the social, political and environmental tensions associated with the rapidity of change from globalisation?

A
  • open borders, deregulation and encouragement of FDI has created culturally mixed societies/migrant diasporas. This results in social and political tensions.
  • environmental damage due to exploitation of physical environment associated with globalisation
  • tourism leading to clashes of culture
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16
Q

What does nationalist mean?

A

A political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty or national culture

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17
Q

What are post colonial migrants?

A

People who moved to European countries from former colonies during the 1950s, 60s and 70s

18
Q

What are some of the tensions in London surrounding foreign investment and migration?

A

Leaders of largest TNCs argue that migration restrictions threaten their own competitiveness and the UK’s role as a global hub
However other Londoners believe too much in migration has been allowed to take place - uncomfortable with some aspects of globalisation and/or immigration

19
Q

How do governments legislate against global flows?

A
  • laws strengthened to limit numbers of economic migrants
  • governments limit citizens’ freedom to access online information, censorship
  • trade protectionism
20
Q

What is resource nationalism?

A

A growing tendency for state governments to take measures ensuring that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to the national resources found within their borders

21
Q

What is the First Nations in Canada, how are they threatened by globalisation?

A

6 groups of indigenous people whose lifestyle is based on subsistence fishing, hunting and trapping
Globalisation means global oil companies have begun extracting oil barrels in the area
Social impacts = alcohol and drugs on young people’s lifestyles
Environ impacts = death of trout and other fish in oil polluted lakes
First Nations are opposing attempts by global companies to exploit oil resources

22
Q

What are natural resources?

A

A material source of wealth that occurs in a natural state and has economic value

23
Q

What is a consumer society?

A

A society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important social and economic activity

24
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

A crude measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person (or society) with the energy, food and resources needed to live, and to also absorb waste

25
Q

What is a water footprint?

A

A measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities

26
Q

What is a carbon footprint?

A

The amount of carbon dioxide produced by an individual or activity

27
Q

What are the links between globalisation and rising environmental insecurity?

A

Food - by 2050, demand likely to double worldwide. Middle class western diet characterised by consumption of meat and dairy
Water - many commodities such as chocolate or coffee have a high water footprint, household water use also increasing
Energy - 50% increase in global energy use is predicted by 2035
Climate - increased average carbon footprint size, rising CO2 emissions means global temp rise of 2 degrees looks inevitable

28
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Meeting the social, economic and environmental needs of the presents without compromising the ability of future generations to also meet their own needs

29
Q

What does the term food miles mean?

A

The distance food travels from a farm to the consumer

30
Q

What is a transition town?

A

A settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted ‘bottom-up’ initiatives with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade

31
Q

What is an example of a transition town?

A

Todmorden in the South Pennines
Food grown locally, ‘Incredible Edible Todmorden’ created 40 public fruit and veg gardens and educational talks/events

32
Q

What are the costs of local sourcing?

A

Local sourcing of everyday meat and vegetables can be very expensive, especially for people on low incomes. Tomatoes and other exotic produce have to be grown in heated greenhouses and polytunnels during winter, resulting in a larger carbon footprint. Less demand from UK consumers for food from producer countries means halted economic development

33
Q

What are the benefits of local sourcing?

A

Many small producers in the UK use organic farming methods (fewer pesticides = health benefits). UK farmers have moved up value chain by manufacturing locally sourced items, such as jams, fruit juices and wine. Local sourcing sometimes helps people reduce their carbon footprint size.

34
Q

What is an ethical purchase?

A

A financial exchange where the consumer has considered the social and environmental costs of production for foods, goods or services purchased.

35
Q

What are some examples of different ethical consumption schemes?

A
  • fairtrade
  • supply chain monitoring
  • NGO action
36
Q

How does Fairtrade work towards ethical consumption socially and how successful is this?

A

Fairtrade offers a guaranteed higher income to farmers and some manufacturers despite market price changes
Not all shoppers will pay the ‘Fairtrade premium’, and as the number of schemes grows, it becomes harder to ensure money has been correctly distributed. It reinforces longstanding power relations with big brands

37
Q

How does supply chain monitoring work towards ethical consumption and how successful is this?

A

Large businesses increasingly accept the need for corporate social responsibility
Which firms such as Gap and NIke prohibit worker exploitation in their own foreign factories, it is hard to monitor the working conditions, especially in the workplaces of their suppliers’ suppliers

38
Q

How do NGOs work towards ethical consumption and how successful is this?

A

They represent the workers who are exploited in bigger companies such as Tescos
However NGOs have limited financial resources, limiting the scale of what they can achieve or result in slow progress. Many people remain unaware or unconcerned with worker exploitation

39
Q

What is an example of an NGO working towards limiting the environmental consequences of globalisation?

A

FSC = forest stewardship council
Uses FSC logo on products that are sourced from sustainable forests to help consumers ensure that they are not contributing to environmental degradation (globally known)

40
Q

How does recycling contribute to a ‘circular economy’?

A

Recycling can be viewed as the first step to a more ambitious goal of a circular economy, where natural resource stocks are maintained or increased by requiring manufacturers to do more to recycle, reuse or repair products - in a global business model that could ‘design out’ waste altogether