Regeneration - Case Studies Flashcards
When did the last of London’s original East End docks close?
1981
Describe the dockworkers at the East End docks.
Lived close by with their families.
Poorly paid.
Rented social housing from local councils.
Which docks where the UK’s largest until 1970?
London’s East End docks.
Why were traditional dockworkers replaced?
Containers become bigger so cranes were needed.
How many jobs were lost between 1978-83?
(docks)
Over 12,000 - 60% of adult men were unemployed.
What problem was caused by abandoned docks and derelict wharves in London?
It was not a good image for the city.
Why did industries in East London’s Lea Valley have to close?
They needed to port to import raw materials and export finished products.
Why did the population decline after the docks closed?
People left to find work.
What was the role of the London Docklands Development Cooperation?
Encourages growth and brought key players (e.g. property owners, architects, construction companies and investors).
Which local councils could the LDDC by-pass?
Newham, Tower Hamlets and Greenwich.
How did the LDDC attract investors?
Allowed companies to obtain tax breaks on new buildings.
What is London’s 2nd central business district?
Canary Wharf
What replaced the docks and industry in Canary Wharf?
High rise office buildings.
What was the benefit of creating high earning jobs in Canary Wharf?
Generates other jobs in a ‘trickle down’ effect to poorer communities.
How many people commute to London to work?
100,000
Which line was extended on the London Underground?
Jubilee
What was the name of the railway created in the docklands?
Docklands Light Railway
Give an example of a new road built in the docklands area.
Limehouse Road Link
What was the benefit of creating London City Airport?
Provides access to the city and Canary Wharf for business travellers.
Why have most older people moved out of London?
To retire to the Essex coast.
What evidence is there for a growing younger population in London?
Newham’s average age = 31
UK’s average age = 40
Why is the ethnic composition in London diverse?
Large scale immigration since 2000 has increased the mix.
What is the impact of housing being transferred from the public to private sector?
Reduced amount of social housing meant lower income people were forced out.
What is gentrification?
A change in social status, whereby former working class inner city areas become occupied and renewed by the middle classes.
What caused high deprivation in Tower Hamlets and Newham?
Poor health means people are unable to work.
Concentrated in what remains of low cost social housing.
Which borough of London has the lowest life expectancy?
Tower Hamlets (77 years)
What type of migration was caused by the closure of the original Port of London?
Internal - people left there close family networks to find work elsewhere.
What type of employment is the population of Bethnal Green’s population in?
Global knowledge economy.
In 1951, what percentage of the UK’s population had professional or managerial occupations?
17%
In 2011, what percentage of the UK’s population had professional or managerial occupations?
31%
Why have so many urban areas been re-urbanised?
More people buy their property now and also invest in it.
Name 3 things that have revitalised many places.
Inward migration
Gentrification
Regeneration
Why have newcomers displaced existing residents in London?
House prices and rents have risen so much that they can no longer afford to live there.
What has led to the need for overseas migrants in East London?
A growing economy and ageing population has led to a need for workers.
True or False
Sydney is one of the world’s Alpha cities.
True
What is the GDP of Sydney?
US$377 billion
Why is Sydney the leading financial centre for the Asia-Pacific region?
There are overseas owned banks and TNCs.
3 facts about businesses in Sydney
Over 450,000 businesses.
1/2 of Australia’s top 500 companies.
2/3 of regional headquarters of global TNCs.
What is the median age in Sydney?
What does this mean?
36
Young, economically active workforce.
Why does Sydney attract businesses?
Beaches, harbour environment, climate and time zone.
What is the average adult salary in Sydney?
AU$82,000 a year (£40,000)
What place does Sydney rank in terms of expensive city? (range)
Between 15th and 5th
What place does Sydney rank in terms of highest average income?
World’s 7th highest of any city.
What place does Sydney rank in terms of life expectancy?
10th in the world.
What place does Sydney rank in terms of purchasing power?
2nd highest
Where is Beattyville?
Coal field stretching through the Appalachian Mountains.
What has caused social problems in Beattyville?
Decline in coal industry.
What is the population of Beattyville?
1270
Describe the housing in Beattyville.
Trailer homes or log cabins.
What is the average annual household income in Beattyville?
$12,000
(national average = $54,000)
What is the proportion of families living below the poverty line in Beattyville?
1/2
What is the proportion of teenagers in Beattyville who left high school without graduating?
1/3
What percentage of Beattyville residents have college degrees?
5%
Roughly how many generation live under 1 roof in Beattyville?
Why?
3 or more
Homelessness
What is the main type of crime in Beattyville?
Drug crime - based on re-selling prescription drugs / opioid painkillers.
What is the average life expectancy of men in Beattyville?
68.3 (8 years lower than the US average).
Why does Grampound struggle to keep basic services?
Villagers who work in Truro or St Austell shop in big supermarkets on their way home from work.
Why did the general store in Grampound close?
The owners retired and couldn’t find a buyer.
What percentage of the population in Grampound is over 65?
25%
What proportion of households in Grampound consist of only 1 person?
1/3
In what year did Grampound win the UK’s best community?
2008
Why is there a strong sense of belonging and engagement in Grampound?
There is a large number of clubs and societies for all ages and backgrounds.
How many households in Grampound became shareholders in the new shop?
How much money did they raise?
257 households (out of 280).
£20,500
How much did the Prince’s Countryside Fund award to Grampound?
£19,000
How much did grants from the Parish Council and charities add to Grampound?
£10,000
Why are politicians important for engagement in Grampound?
County councillor organises a monthly local produce market and creates newsletters which give information on everything local and updates key issues.
What was the turnout for the Parish Council election in Grampound?
63%
(national = below 30%)
How many new houses were built in Grampound?
69
What proportion of housing in Grampound is affordable?
1/3
What would Grampound benefit from extra population?
It would help to maintain the village’s services.
Why has a new waste incinerator caused protests in central Conrwall?
Built in the poorest area but only created 7 jobs.
100 m high chimney is regarded as an eyesore.
People fear its toxic emissions.
What are the economic reasons for the need of regeneration in Custom House?
The area needed employment.
only 37.6% of adults were in full time work.
What are the social reasons for the need of regeneration in Custom House?
The area needed improved housing, health facilities and education.
71.6% of the housing stock was rented and low quality.
43.1% of adults had no educational qualifications.
What are the environmental reasons for the need of regeneration in Custom House?
Closure in the 1980s of the docks and their associated industries resulted in environmental decay.
What was CATCH mostly funded by?
Central government until 2010.
When did regeneration start in Custom House?
mid 2000s
How much has the regeneration of Custom House cost so far?
£3.7 billion
How many affordable new homes were planned to be built in Custom House by 2020?
10,000
Why did housing need regenerating in Custom House?
Much of the existing social housing was poorly built.
How did regeneration improve employment in Custom House?
Job creation and training for local people.
Offices and workspaces made available for small businesses.
New local shops and a supermarket were opened.
Public transport was improved.
How did regeneration improve education in Custom House?
Replacement buildings for local primary and secondary schools were built.
What happened to GCSE grades as a result of the Custom House regeneration?
2015 - 59% of Newham’s students achieved 5 or more GCSEs at A* to C - more than double the figure in 1996 (27.9%).
How did regeneration improve health in Custom House?
New health centre, library, community centre and children’s play areas were opened.
The streets were made safer by resigning them using traffic calming and open spaces.
When did the development of Hallsville Quater begin?
2014
Who worked together to regeneration Hallsville Quater?
Bouygues Development, Newham Council and One Housing Group.
What was the aim of the development of Hallsville Quater?
Regeneration Canning Town by developing a supermarket, shops, open spaces, bars, restaurants, new homes, small business premises, a cinema and a hotel.
What was the 1st phase of the regeneration of Hallsville Quater?
179 private and affordable homes.
Supermarket
Car Parking
What was the 2nd phase of the regeneration of Hallsville Quater?
349 homes - 160 apartments for private sale, 134 private rented sector and 55 shared ownership properties.
Hotel
Retail and restaurant unit.
Landscaping.
Why does HS2 reverse all the government’s transport since 1945?
Government have been in favour of expanding the road network.
How many vehicles were registered in the UK in …?
a) 1958
b) 2013
a) 4.5 million
b) 35 million
Where is the worst traffic congestion in the UK?
London and SE England - extending to Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds.
What is phase 1 of HS2?
High speed link between London Euston and Birmingham Curzon Street.
What is phase 2 of HS2?
Lead NW to Manchester and NE to Leeds.
What are the benefits of HS2?
Improved journey times between major cities - e.g. London to Birmingham cut from 80 to 49 minutes.
60,000 construction jobs will be created.
What are the problems with HS2?
Planned route will pass through the Chilterns AONB.
No intermediate stations - no gain for communities along the route.
How has farm diversification helped regenerated Cornwall’s countryside?
Sale of specialised products.
Farm shops now sell ‘Cornish’ products - e.g. pasties, cheeses, hand-made ice cream, beers and wines.
How have ‘foodie’ restaurants helped regenerated Cornwall’s countryside?
e.g. Jamie Oliver’s ‘Fifteen’ at Watergate Bay near Newquay.
Helped to rebrand the Cornish coast as a destination tourism location.
How have spectacular gardens helped regenerated Cornwall’s countryside?
Result of Cornwall’s mild climate and Victorian ancestors, who explored overseas and brought back sub-tropical plants.
How have outdoor and adventure activities helped regenerated Cornwall’s countryside?
e.g. Extreme Academy at Watergate Bay.
Lessons in rock climbing, surfing and parasurfing.
What partnership created the Newquay Aerohub?
Cornwall Council and private sector investment.
What was the purpose of the Newquay Aerohub?
Diversify economy away from dependence on tourism.
How many jobs did the Newquay Aerohub create in … ?
a) 2014
b) 2015
a) 700 high-value, skilled permanent jobs within the 1st year.
b) 450 jobs - few of these were new.
Why did the River Clyde in Glasgow need regenerating?
Late 20th century - collapse of shipbuilding industry and other (related) industries fell.
Shipyards along the River Clyde are empty.
What happened in Glasgow in …?
a) 1990
b) 1999
c) 2014
a) European Capital of Culture.
b) UK’s city of architecture and design.
c) Commonwealth games.
Give some examples of art, culture, sport and tourism regeneration in Glasgow
Burrell Collection, Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, the Glasgow Science Centre and the Riverside Museum of Travel and Transport.
What has been refurbished as a visitor attraction and local landmark in Glasgow?
Titan Crane
How have residential areas been regenerated in Glasgow?
Investment from private property developers build homes along the Clyde.
Shops and restaurants regenerate former industrial areas.
How has the media influenced regeneration in Glasgow?
BBC Headquaters for Scotland’s TV and radio broadcasting opened in 2007.
Commercial broadcaster STV is located nearby.
What has happened in Plymouth since the 1960s?
The economy has declines and now the city centre looks dated.
What does Plymouth compete with Portsmouth for?
Why?
Ship repair and servicing.
It’s naval shipyards have been reduced in size.
What are the economic issues in Plymouth?
The Royal Navy still provides 10% of the city’s GDP, but remoteness makes investment hard to attract.
Central government spending cuts have forced it to sell off some of its buildings to the private sector.
What is Drake Circus in Plymouth?
A new shopping complex in the city centre.
How does Plymouth now attract international tourists?
Through the cruise terminal.
How has the Rebranded Plymouth Science Park created benefits?
70 businesses employing 800 people.
Links to 2 universities and a teaching hospital.
What is the proposed sport and leisure partnership in Plymouth?
With Plymouth Argyle football club.
A new stadium complex including a cinema, hotel and ice rink.
What is the Royal William Yard in Plymouth?
Former Royal Navy supply store, which dates from the Napoleonic Wars and is Grade 1 listed.
Who has carried out the restoration of the Royal William Yard in Plymouth?
Urban Splash - private sector regeneration company.
Why is the Royal William Yard in Plymouth expensive to restore?
Specific materials and techniques have to be used.
How long did the regeneration of Royal William Yard in Plymouth take and what does it include?
20 years.
Shops, restaurants and over 200 apartments.
Where is the Royal William Yard in Plymouth located?
Close to the new cruise terminal but 2 km from the city centre.
What happened at Ford’s Dagenham car assembly plant in 1966?
Women machinists went on strike for equal pay with men.
How many people did Ford’s Dagenham car assembly plant employ?
40,000
What was the benefit of council re-housing schemes in Barking and Dagenham?
Offered residents far better housing than the old East End slums from which many had moved.
What happened to Ford’s Dagenham car assembly plant in 2005?
Car assembly ended (after 71 years).
Still has a factory there but most of the work is done by robots.
How many humans workers did Ford employ in Dagenham in 2015?
3200
Which company ended production in Dagenham in 2013?
Sanofi (a giant pharmaceutical company).
What types of deprivation has Ford’s decline left in Dagenham?
Economic (unemployment).
Social (poor health).
Environmental (derelict land).
Where did Dagenham rank in deprived local authority in England in … ?
a) 2007
b) 2015
a) 22nd most deprived.
b) 9th most deprived.
True or False
Dagenham has London’s highest adult unemployment rate.
True
9.8% of working-age adults - more than double the rate in 2001 (4.5%).
Describe Beam Park
(Barking and Dagenham)
Located on land previously occupied by Ford.
Will create 40,000 m² of workplaces.
A hotel (Premier Inn) and pub (Brewers Fayre) already employ local residents.
Describe Barking Town Centre
(Barking and Dagenham)
In need of refurbishment for retail, commercial and new residential spaces.
2014 - over 400 homes and 1000 m² of commercial space had been created.
Describe Gascoigne Estate
(Barking and Dagenham)
Most deprived housing estate in the borough.
Regeneration will provide 1500 new homes by 2024, together with schools, a community centre, retail and office spaces and outdoor leisure spaces.
Describe Dagenham Dock
(Barking and Dagenham)
An industrial site which includes 200 fuel and chemical tanks and derelict land.
Now a sustainable business area - e.g. a plastic bottle recycling company (recycling 10% of the UK’s plastic bottles), and an anaerobic digestion plant (producing biogas).
How much parkland did the Olympic park include?
560 acres - with trails, play areas, walking and cycling routes.
What is the Olympic Stadium now used for?
Home to West Ham football club.
Major athletics events (e.g. The Invictus Games, 2017 World Athletics Championships).
