Coasts - Case Studies

Question 1

Cornwall bears the brunt of the worst of the weather rolling in from which ocean?

Answer 1

Atlantic Ocean

Question 2

What is the benefit of Cornwall’s rocky coastline?

Answer 2

It can withstand frequent winter storms without suffering rapid erosion.

Question 3

Give examples of high energy coastlines

Answer 3

Cornwall
Northwestern Scotland

Question 4

Give examples of low energy coastlines

Answer 4

Lincolnshire
Northumberland

Question 5

What is the main source of sediment at The Wash?

Answer 5

Cliffs eroding between West Runton and Weybourne.

Question 6

What was the Jurassic Coast awarded by UNESCO in 2001?

Answer 6

World Heritage Status

Question 7

What caused the Lulworth Crumple?

Answer 7

Tectonic movements about 30 million years ago/

Question 8

Give an example of a concordant coast

Answer 8

Between Lulworth Cove and Kimmerage Bay

Question 9

Give an example of a discordant coast

Answer 9

Between Studland Bay and Durlston Head

Question 10

What creates LSD is West Africa?

Answer 10

Strong prevailing south-westerly winds and large waves.

Question 11

What problem is caused by LSD in West Africa?

Answer 11

Not enough sand is being deposited to replace that transported, so Benin’s coastline is still being eroded at a rapid rate.

Question 12

Describe Dungeness

Answer 12

Example of a cuspate foreland.
Has a pebble beach and an area of marshland.
Several replacement lighthouses have had to be built, as the point of land has grown further out into the sea.

Question 13

Describe the location of Kiribati

Answer 13

Consists of 33 widely spaced islands, which stretch across an area of the Pacific Ocean nearly as wide as the USA.

Question 14

What is Kiribati made up of?

Answer 14

Very low lying sand and mangrove atolls - only 1 m or less above sea level in most places.

Question 15

When is Kiribati predicted to disappear?

Answer 15

In the next 50 years.

Question 16

What will land purchased in Fiji by Kiribati be used for?

Answer 16

Agriculture and fish-farming projects.

Question 17

What is the impact of rising sea levels in Kiribati?

Answer 17

It is contaminating ground water sources, affecting its ability to grow crops.

Question 18

What does the ‘migration with dignity’ policy in Kiribati do?

Answer 18

Allows people to apply for jobs in neighbouring countries.

Question 19

Where can raised beaches be found?

Answer 19

Isle of Arran - west coast of Scotland.

Question 20

Where can rias be found?

Answer 20

South west England.
Kingsbridge estuary in Devon.

Question 21

Where can dalmatian coasts be found?

Answer 21

Croatia.

Question 22

Where can fjords be found?

Answer 22

Norway.
Chile.
New Zealand.

Question 23

Along the Holderness coast, where has erosion been a problem?

Answer 23

East Riding of Yorkshire - between Bridlington and Flamborough Head in the north and Spurn Head in the south.

Question 24

Why is the Holderness coast eroding?

Answer 24

Consists of boulder clay which is structurally weak.
Exposed to wind and waves from the north east, with a small fetch of about 500-800 km across the North Sea.

Question 25

What is the role of the Environmental Agency along the Holderness Coast?

Answer 25

It is responsible for coastal management.

Question 26

What is the role of the central government along the Holderness Coast?

Answer 26

Cut the funding of the central government, which restricted local councils to minimal increases in Council Tax.

Question 27

What is the tourist industry's opinion on the Holderness coast?

Answer 27

Greater spending on coastal protection.

Question 28

What are farmers opinions on the Holderness coast?

Answer 28

Want money spent on protecting their farmland.

Question 29

What are the residents opinions on the Holderness coast?

Answer 29

Want guaranteed coastal protection for homes and businesses.

Question 30

What is the estimated population of Bangladesh?

Answer 30

About 169 million

Question 31

True or False Bangladesh is the world's most densely populated country.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What % of the country's population lives less than 10 m above sea level?

Answer 32

46%

Question 33

How many major rivers have floodplain in Bangladesh?

Answer 33

3 Brahmaputra, Meghna and Ganges.

Question 34

In the last 50 years, how much has some of Bangladesh's estuarine islands sunk by?

Answer 34

1.5 m

Question 35

Describe subsidence in Bangladesh

Answer 35

Clearance and drainage of more than 50 large islands in the Ganges-Brahmaputra river delta.

Question 36

What were built in the 1960s and 70s to protect Bangladesh?

Answer 36

Large earth embankments were built around the islands to protect them against tidal and storm surge inundations.

Question 37

What is the problem with the embankments built in Bangladesh?

Answer 37

Prevented the natural deposition of sediments that used to maintain the the islands' height.

Question 38

Where can the largest remaining tract of mangrove forest be found?

Answer 38

In the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh, on the edge of the Bay of Bengal.

Question 39

What % of Bangladesh’s mangrove forested coastline is now retreating by as much as 200 metres a year?

Answer 39

71%

Question 40

What was the impact of vegetation in Sri Lanka during the Indian Ocean Tsunami?

Answer 40

2 people died in the settlement protected by dense mangrove and scrub forests. While up to 6000 people died in the village that had removed the protective vegetation.

Question 41

What scheme has been put in place to make Sri Lanka the 1st nation to protect all of its mangroves?

Answer 41

Protect all 8800 hectares of remaining forest and replant mangroves that had already been felled.

Question 42

Describe Cyclone Sidr

Answer 42

Heavy rain, strong winds up to 223 km/hr and a huge storm surge reaching up to 6 m in height.

Question 43

What impact did Cyclone Sidr have on water?

Answer 43

Drinking water = contaminated with debris. Freshwater = inundated with salt water.

Question 44

List 3 impacts of Cyclone Sidr

Answer 44

Flooding in low lying areas. Damaged housing, roads, bridges and other infrastructure. Electricity supplies and communications were knocked out.

Question 45

Why was the risk of disease raised by Cyclone Sidr?

Answer 45

Sanitation infrastructure was destroyed.

Question 46

What was the total cost of Cyclone Sidr?

Answer 46

Estimated to be US$1.7 billion.

Question 47

In the Netherlands, how many people died during the 2013 storm surge?

Answer 47

0

Question 48

On the East Frisian coast, how high did the 2013 storm surge reach?

Answer 48

3.74 m above mean sea level.

Question 49

What is the Delta Works in the Netherlands?

Answer 49

A series of dams and storm surge barriers, designed to protect the country from flooding by the North Sea.

Question 50

How much does the Delta Works in the Netherlands cost?

Answer 50

2.5 billion Euros to build. 17 million Euros a year to operate.

Question 51

How strong was the wind in Scotland during the 2013 storm surge?

Answer 51

Gusts of over 200 km/hr.

Question 52

How many homes flooded in the UK during the 2013 storm surge?

Answer 52

1400

Question 53

What happened in Norfolk during the 2013 storm surge?

Answer 53

Cliff erosion resulted in several properties collapsing into the sea.

Question 54

In the UK, how many people died during the 2013 storm surge?

Answer 54

2

Question 55

What protected London during the 2013 storm surge?

Answer 55

The Thames Barrier was closed.

Question 56

What was the total cost of damage during the 2013 storm surge in the UK?

Answer 56

£100 million

Question 57

What hard engineering strategies are in place at Hornsea?

Answer 57

Groynes, concrete sea walls and rock armour.

Question 58

What impact have the groynes at Hornsea had on Mappleton?

Answer 58

Starved of sediment. Nearly 4 m of cliff is being eroded each year.

Question 59

What hard engineering strategies are in place at Mappleton?

Answer 59

2 rock groynes and rock armour.

Question 60

How much did the rock groynes at Mappleton cost?

Answer 60

£2 million.

Question 61

What was the aim of rock groynes at Mappleton?

Answer 61

To prevent the removal of the beach by longshore drift.

Question 62

What is the impact of the groynes at Mappleton on Cowden?

Answer 62

Resultant sediment starvation caused increased erosion of the cliffs (from 2.5 to 3.8 m a year between 1991 and 2007).

Question 63

What was built in 1875 to protect Withernsea?

Answer 63

A straight sea wall.

Question 64

What did the sea wall at Withernsea collapse?

Answer 64

Wave energy eroded the base of the wall.

Question 65

What replaced the straight sea wall at Withernsea in the 1990s?

Answer 65

A curved sea wall.

Question 66

How much did the curved sea wall at Withernsea cost?

Answer 66

£6.3 million (£5000 per m).

Question 67

What are the impacts of the curved sea wall at Withernsea?

Answer 67

Waves are noisier. Promendade is smaller. Views from seafront hotels have been restricted.

Question 68

Where is Khulna?

Answer 68

River port in south west Bangladesh constantly at risk of flooding.

Question 69

How many times faster are high tides rising than sea levels in the open ocean?

Answer 69

6

Question 70

What is making flooding worse in Khulna?

Answer 70

The destruction of mangrove forests in the Sundarbans. Embankments built to protect are actually making it worse.

Question 71

How many people in Khulna live on polders?

Answer 71

30 million

Question 72

By how much has the number of mangroves in Odisha decreased in the last 50 years?

Answer 72

Has lost 3.8 km of width.

Question 73

What impact did mangroves in Odisha have during ‘super cyclone’ Kalina?

Answer 73

Villages that sill had 4 or more km of mangroves recorded no deaths.

Question 74

What are the NGO Wetlands International, the Indian Government and Odisha’s Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project during to do to protect the coast in Odisha?

Answer 74

Trying to reverse decades of mangrove destruction. Helping villagers to plant mangroves along the coast and on the banks of all tidal rivers.

Question 75

Why is Odisha's coastal zone in need of protecting?

Answer 75

- Wide range of marine and coastal flora and fauna. - Rich in mineral deposits has huge potential for offshore wind, tidal and wave power. - Cultural and archaeological sites along the coast. - Coastal fishing employs large numbers of people.

Question 76

What is Odisha's coastal zone under stress from?

Answer 76

- Rapid urban industrialisation. - Marine transport, fishing and agriculture. - Tourism. - Coastal and seabed mining. - Offshore oil and natural gas production. - Increase in frequency and intensity of severe weather events. - Rising sea levels.

Question 77

How is Odisha's coastal zone being protected?

Answer 77

- Assessment and control of coastal erosion. - Development of eco-tourism. - Planting and re-planting mangroves. - Building cycle shelters.

Question 78

Who are the central government stakeholders in Odisha?

Answer 78

Archaeology Department of Culture. Water Resource Department. Fisheries Department.

Question 79

Who are the state and local government stakeholders in Odisha?

Answer 79

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority. Odisha State Pollution Control Board. Wildlife Wing of Forest and Environment Department. Paradeep Municipality.

Question 80

Who are the local economy stakeholders in Odisha?

Answer 80

Odisha Tourism Development Corporation. Handicraft and Cottage Industries.