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Geography- human > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

Near places?

A

Places close to us

Subjective

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2
Q

Far places?

A

Places that are distant

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3
Q

Experienced places?

A

Places we have actually visited

Emotional attachment

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4
Q

Media places?

A

Places we haven’t visited

Media representations

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5
Q

What are the four place functions?

A

Industrial
Retail
Commercial
Administration

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6
Q

Examples of an administrative place function?

A

Schools, council offices

Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity

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7
Q

Examples of an commercial place function?

A

Accountants

Location with strong business influence

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8
Q

Examples of an retail place function?

A

Markets, shopping centres

A town or city that attracts retail facilities

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9
Q

Examples of an industrial place function?

A

Factories, warehouses, distribution centres

Industrial capacity businesses

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10
Q

What are insiders?

A

People who feel at home within a place

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11
Q

What are the main characters of an insider?

A

Born in the place
Fluent in local language
Citizenship
Conforms to social norms

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12
Q

What is an outsider?

A

Opposite to an insider- feel like they don’t belong in a place

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13
Q

What are some of the characteristics of an outsider?

A

Part of an ethnic group
May not be accustomed to the cultural and social norms
Different country of origin= unfamiliarity

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14
Q

In the UK on a city lab map, in terms of ethnic groups, how can they be found?

A

In ethinic group clusters

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15
Q

Multiculturism?

A

The presence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

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16
Q

What type of impacts can come from an area being more diverse?

A

The area will adapt towards that culture over time, may attract others of that ethnicity to move here, more appealing

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17
Q

How do certain areas adapt to the different ethnic groups?

A

Shops and restaurants that cater to new cultures eg Chinatown

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18
Q

Why may some insiders begin to feel like outsiders?

A

Large influxes can change characteristics of a place (changed shops and restaurants), the cater to new cultures may make insiders feel more like outsiders as surroundings become unfamiliar- some may embrace multiculturism however

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19
Q

What are the four main sectors of employment?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartenary

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20
Q

What is primary employment?

A

Collection of raw materials or production of essential goods eg fishing, faring, energy production
Most essential

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21
Q

What is secondary employment?

A

Manufacturing of raw materials eg commercial goods

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22
Q

What are some of the problems with primary employment?

A

Labour intensive, risks to physical health

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23
Q

What are some of the problems with secondary employment?

A

Exploitation of workers- subjected to long hours, hazardous environments

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24
Q

What is tertiary employment?

A

Provision of services eg education, managing business etc

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25
Q

What does tertiary employment provide?

A

Better progression opportunities

Higher salaries

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26
Q

What is quartenary employment?

A

Regards technology based employment eg high tech scientific research, finace, IT and computing

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27
Q

What is tertiary employment centralised around?

A

Education: high skilled jobs, expertise

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28
Q

What does the Clarke-Fisher model show?

A

The stages a country may progress through as they become more economically developed

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29
Q

What are three stages on the Clarke-Fisher model?

A

Pre-industrial
Industrial stage
Post-industrial

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30
Q

Pre-industrial stage?

A

Majority work in primary sector

Lack of infrastructure and investment

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31
Q

Industrial stage?

A

Proportion in primary sector may begin to decline
Internal and rural migration may begin to occur
People seeking better life quality

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32
Q

Post-industrial stage?

A

Primary and secondary jobs majoryly decline

Increase in tertiary and quarternary employment: demand for holidays, entertainment etc

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33
Q

What are the problems with the Clarke-Fisher model?

A

Only takes into account westernised country’s

Does not take into account country’s can move backwards or skip out stages

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34
Q

Place character?

A

Relates to the specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique

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35
Q

What two main factors is place character affected by?

A

Endogenous and exogenous factors

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36
Q

Endogenous factors?

A

Those which originate from WITHIN the place and are local

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37
Q

What are the 8 endogenous factors?

A 
Land use 
Topography 
Physical geography
Infastructure 
Demographic characteristics 
Built environment 
Location
Economic chsaracteristics
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38
Q

Exogenous factors?

A

Those which originate fro OUTSIDE the place and provide linkage and relationships with and to other places

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39
Q

What are exogenous factors commonly reffered to?

A

Flows

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40
Q

What are the four main flows of an area?

A

People
Money/investment
Resources
Ideas

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41
Q

How may character place be impacted physically due to endogenous and exogenous factors?

A 
Location= encourages economic development 
Reputation= attractiveness of area
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42
Q

How may character place be impacted by the infrastructure due to endogenous and exogenous factors?

A

Roads, rail, airports= migration of people and movement of goods

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43
Q

How may character place be impacted by competition due to endogenous and exogenous factors?

A

Tncs relocating= new investment and large labour pool

Alternatively, business investment can be taken away> other locations offer better work

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44
Q

How may character place be impacted economically due to endogenous and exogenous factors?

A

Function change= administration, commercial, retail or industrial

45
Q

How can you measure land use changes?

A

Reduction in abandoned land, industrial:residential ratio

46
Q

How can you measure employment trends?

A

Changes to employment types, unemployment rates

47
Q

How can you measure demographic change?

A

Inward or outward migration

48
Q

How can you measure economic productivity?

A

Money generated or value of products produced per person

49
Q

Index of multiple deprivation?

A

Measures:

income, employment, education, health, crime, barrier to housing and services and living environment

50
Q

What does an increase in the loMD score mean?

A

An improvement to a factor combination of factors on the IoMD index

51
Q

What three factors can cause inequality?

A

Occupational hazards
Income
Life expectancy and general health

52
Q

In terms of inequality, what are Occupational hazards?

A

Manual labour workers generally earn less and life expectancy lower due to strain in work

53
Q

In terms of inequality, what is income?

A

Inequality in pay between employment sectors

54
Q

In terms of inequality, what is life expectancy and general health?

A

Type of employment (manual, hazardous)
Affordability of food
Stereotypical lifestyles

55
Q

In terms of inequality, what does educational achievement have a strong correlation to?

A

Income: extra tuition and university places

56
Q

What may a regeneration project focus on?

A

Constructing infrastructure, developing existing and new housing, encouraging investment

57
Q

Regeneration?

A

long term upgrading of existing places for urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas

58
Q

What is regeneration designed to tackle?

A

Inequalities

59
Q

What are the five main regeneration methods?

A

Providing funding for transport and infrastructure.

Funding brownfield development.

Creating new job opportunities, employability and skills for local people.

Attracting private investment.

Attracting and encouraging regeneration building projects.

60
Q

What are the four main government departments that can be involved in a regeneration programme?

A

Local councils
Department for culture, media and sport
DEFRA
UK trade and investment

61
Q

Department for media, culture and sport?

A

Responsible for marketing the UK image abroad

62
Q

DEFRA?

A

Aims to improve declining rural villages, protect eroding coastlines and improve agricultural industry

63
Q

Main benefits to infrastructure regeneration?

A

High volume of jobs created

Improvements to transport links= increase in economic activity

64
Q

Main cons to infrastructure regeneration?

A

Can be risky to agree to- cost can increase with inflation or changing circumstances
Often aren’t sustainable- large co2 output

65
Q

Why is there an inequality of opportunity to access housing and a limited supply of local and affordable housing?

A

Lack of social housing- Margret thatcher’s “right to buy” scheme, few houses were built to replace the sold ones
Empty, derelict property- brownfield land is more expensive to develop than greenfield
Overseas investors buying UK property has seen house prices rise
Second properties to rent out= higher price

66
Q

Brownfield sites?

A

An old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development.

67
Q

Greenfield sites?

A

Land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas on which building is restricted.

68
Q

Why have there been rapid new-build developments?

A

In the aim to regenerate sub-urban towns to encourage migration and economic growth

69
Q

Why is the suburbs a chosen place for new-build developments?

A

Cheap expanse of land is available whilst in close proximity to job ops in city centre

70
Q

What are developers of new-builds obligated to provide?

A

A variety of houses: mix of properties to buy, rent or share ownership

71
Q

Why can new-build properties place stress on existing services?

A

Often, no new services are build to cater to a large influx of buyers

72
Q

Benefits of housing construction as a method of regeneration?

A

Increases hosing supply
Construction jobs created
Variety of housing is built to cater to many different people

73
Q

Cons of housing construction as a method of regeneration?

A

Greenfield developments are more profitable= jabitats and environments damaged
There are limited projects at play so there is still a limited supply
Lots of housing that is classed as ‘affordable’ is not

74
Q

Gentrification?

A

Is when an area is redeveloped and upgraded , attracting richer people and often displacing poorer tenants. Richer people will move into the more expensive, modern accommodation

75
Q

How can the high cost of clearing and preparing brownfield sites be compensated by?

A

Building high-value apartments

76
Q

What is the main aim of regeneration in cities?

A

To attract wealthy investors who might spend their money locally or establish a business here

77
Q

What is meant by the ‘trickle down theory’?

A

States that tax breaks and benefits for corporations and the wealthy will trickle down to everyone else ie pay for new services etc

78
Q

Benefits of gentrification?

A

Potential economic growth (trickle down)

Improved surroundings and new facilities

79
Q

Cons of gentrification?

A

Lack of variety of housing (wont benefit first time buyers etc)
Often no social hosing is built= still a shortage in supply

80
Q

What are examples of industrial regeneration?

A

Retail, leisure and tourism

81
Q

Benefits of cultural regeneration

A

Most use disused brownfield sites= sustainable

Can benefit all stakeholders- local facilities, raising place reputation, new job ops etc

82
Q

Costs of cultural regeneration

A

Improvements may be long term and not immediately benefit the locals

83
Q

What do the most successful regeneration projects focus on?

A

The rebranding of an area or development of culture

84
Q

Why can rural areas be the most deprived areas?

A

Lack of opportunity for young people, social isolation of minority groups and physical isolation from services + transport
Enter a spiral of decline after mines closed down (heavily reliant on that area of industry)

85
Q

Pros of rural regeneration

A

Develop services, transport links or improve the economy

Can diversify, providing special outdoor adventure activities for example

86
Q

Why may the government change its policies regarding migration and capital markets?

A

To encourage business activity

87
Q

Migration as a policy change?

A

To fill gaps in employment or encourage skilled, wealthy individuals
May be necessary to restrict to avoid strain on services etc

88
Q

Deregulation of markets as a policy change?

A

A gov removes its control over particular industry= privatisation and sudden competition accelerates

89
Q

Creating business environments as a policy change?

A

Specialised industry parks encourages bus start up and bus to locate here- can be domestic or international. Depends on attraction of region

90
Q

What does the success of a regeneration scheme depend on?

A

The focus of the scheme i.e. economic, social or sustainability

91
Q

How can economic regeneration be measured?

A

Comparing employment rates, the local economy size, industrial productivity, before and after the scheme

92
Q

How can social improvements be measured?

A

Increased life expectancy, literacy rates, decreased applicants for social housing, reductions in social tension, political engagement or changes to lifestyle

93
Q

How can sustainability regeneration be measured?

A

Volume of carbon dioxide emitted, proportion of greenfield: brownfield land used, number of jobs created, how long the scheme is expected to benefit locals

94
Q

What do improvements to the living environment include?

A

Reduced air pollution, abandoned land utilised and an increase in green, open spaces

95
Q

Compulsory purchase?

A

Occurs when existing homes or businesses must be demolished to make way for new developments

96
Q

What is public money usually used for within a regeneration scheme?

A

Public money from taxes is used as a pump priming mechanism to ‘lever’ in private investment

97
Q

Pump-priming?

A

Means using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport etc

98
Q

What are 3 key ways in which local councils aim to make an areas more attractive thus successful?

A

Retail parks/ shopping centres
Business parks
High value Quaternary industry in fields of ICT etc

99
Q

What is a unitary development plan?

A

Identifies areas for new housing, priority areas for regeneration, new roads etc

100
Q

Deregulation?

A

The reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more (business) competition within the industry.

101
Q

What three government policies have resulted in housing shortages?

A

Immigration
Deregulation
Second homes and holiday homes

102
Q

What three national infrastructure investment schemes have aimed to reduce the north-south divide?

A

Uk motorway network
High speed rail network
The considerable investment into airports

103
Q

What are 3 main ways used to evaluate the need for regeneration?

A

Cenus data
IMD data
Labour force surveys

104
Q

What is an important factor to consider when explaining engagement?

A

Place attachment

105
Q

Place attachment?

A

Is the bond between an individual or community and or a location

106
Q

What are some of the main factors that describe the variation in political engagement?

A

Language barriers
Lack of trust in politicians
Feeling like you have no influence
Lack of belonging amongst a community

107
Q

‘Sink estates’?

A

Council housing estates that are the least desirable to live

108
Q

What are 4 examples of how the media can rebrand an area?

A

Positive news stories
Advertisement
Logos and slogans
Public relations

Geography- human (7 decks)

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