Regeneration Flashcards
Near places?
Places close to us
Subjective
Far places?
Places that are distant
Experienced places?
Places we have actually visited
Emotional attachment
Media places?
Places we haven’t visited
Media representations
What are the four place functions?
Industrial
Retail
Commercial
Administration
Examples of an administrative place function?
Schools, council offices
Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity
Examples of an commercial place function?
Accountants
Location with strong business influence
Examples of an retail place function?
Markets, shopping centres
A town or city that attracts retail facilities
Examples of an industrial place function?
Factories, warehouses, distribution centres
Industrial capacity businesses
What are insiders?
People who feel at home within a place
What are the main characters of an insider?
Born in the place
Fluent in local language
Citizenship
Conforms to social norms
What is an outsider?
Opposite to an insider- feel like they don’t belong in a place
What are some of the characteristics of an outsider?
Part of an ethnic group
May not be accustomed to the cultural and social norms
Different country of origin= unfamiliarity
In the UK on a city lab map, in terms of ethnic groups, how can they be found?
In ethinic group clusters
Multiculturism?
The presence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
What type of impacts can come from an area being more diverse?
The area will adapt towards that culture over time, may attract others of that ethnicity to move here, more appealing
How do certain areas adapt to the different ethnic groups?
Shops and restaurants that cater to new cultures eg Chinatown
Why may some insiders begin to feel like outsiders?
Large influxes can change characteristics of a place (changed shops and restaurants), the cater to new cultures may make insiders feel more like outsiders as surroundings become unfamiliar- some may embrace multiculturism however
What are the four main sectors of employment?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartenary
What is primary employment?
Collection of raw materials or production of essential goods eg fishing, faring, energy production
Most essential
What is secondary employment?
Manufacturing of raw materials eg commercial goods
What are some of the problems with primary employment?
Labour intensive, risks to physical health
What are some of the problems with secondary employment?
Exploitation of workers- subjected to long hours, hazardous environments
What is tertiary employment?
Provision of services eg education, managing business etc
What does tertiary employment provide?
Better progression opportunities
Higher salaries
What is quartenary employment?
Regards technology based employment eg high tech scientific research, finace, IT and computing
What is tertiary employment centralised around?
Education: high skilled jobs, expertise
What does the Clarke-Fisher model show?
The stages a country may progress through as they become more economically developed
What are three stages on the Clarke-Fisher model?
Pre-industrial
Industrial stage
Post-industrial
Pre-industrial stage?
Majority work in primary sector
Lack of infrastructure and investment
Industrial stage?
Proportion in primary sector may begin to decline
Internal and rural migration may begin to occur
People seeking better life quality
Post-industrial stage?
Primary and secondary jobs majoryly decline
Increase in tertiary and quarternary employment: demand for holidays, entertainment etc
What are the problems with the Clarke-Fisher model?
Only takes into account westernised country’s
Does not take into account country’s can move backwards or skip out stages
Place character?
Relates to the specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique
What two main factors is place character affected by?
Endogenous and exogenous factors
Endogenous factors?
Those which originate from WITHIN the place and are local
What are the 8 endogenous factors?
Land use Topography Physical geography Infastructure Demographic characteristics Built environment Location Economic chsaracteristics
Exogenous factors?
Those which originate fro OUTSIDE the place and provide linkage and relationships with and to other places
What are exogenous factors commonly reffered to?
Flows
What are the four main flows of an area?
People
Money/investment
Resources
Ideas
How may character place be impacted physically due to endogenous and exogenous factors?
Location= encourages economic development Reputation= attractiveness of area
How may character place be impacted by the infrastructure due to endogenous and exogenous factors?
Roads, rail, airports= migration of people and movement of goods
How may character place be impacted by competition due to endogenous and exogenous factors?
Tncs relocating= new investment and large labour pool
Alternatively, business investment can be taken away> other locations offer better work
How may character place be impacted economically due to endogenous and exogenous factors?
Function change= administration, commercial, retail or industrial
How can you measure land use changes?
Reduction in abandoned land, industrial:residential ratio
How can you measure employment trends?
Changes to employment types, unemployment rates
How can you measure demographic change?
Inward or outward migration
How can you measure economic productivity?
Money generated or value of products produced per person
Index of multiple deprivation?
Measures:
income, employment, education, health, crime, barrier to housing and services and living environment
What does an increase in the loMD score mean?
An improvement to a factor combination of factors on the IoMD index
What three factors can cause inequality?
Occupational hazards
Income
Life expectancy and general health
In terms of inequality, what are Occupational hazards?
Manual labour workers generally earn less and life expectancy lower due to strain in work
In terms of inequality, what is income?
Inequality in pay between employment sectors
In terms of inequality, what is life expectancy and general health?
Type of employment (manual, hazardous)
Affordability of food
Stereotypical lifestyles
In terms of inequality, what does educational achievement have a strong correlation to?
Income: extra tuition and university places
What may a regeneration project focus on?
Constructing infrastructure, developing existing and new housing, encouraging investment
Regeneration?
long term upgrading of existing places for urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas
What is regeneration designed to tackle?
Inequalities
What are the five main regeneration methods?
Providing funding for transport and infrastructure.
Funding brownfield development.
Creating new job opportunities, employability and skills for local people.
Attracting private investment.
Attracting and encouraging regeneration building projects.
What are the four main government departments that can be involved in a regeneration programme?
Local councils
Department for culture, media and sport
DEFRA
UK trade and investment
Department for media, culture and sport?
Responsible for marketing the UK image abroad
DEFRA?
Aims to improve declining rural villages, protect eroding coastlines and improve agricultural industry
Main benefits to infrastructure regeneration?
High volume of jobs created
Improvements to transport links= increase in economic activity
Main cons to infrastructure regeneration?
Can be risky to agree to- cost can increase with inflation or changing circumstances
Often aren’t sustainable- large co2 output
Why is there an inequality of opportunity to access housing and a limited supply of local and affordable housing?
Lack of social housing- Margret thatcher’s “right to buy” scheme, few houses were built to replace the sold ones
Empty, derelict property- brownfield land is more expensive to develop than greenfield
Overseas investors buying UK property has seen house prices rise
Second properties to rent out= higher price
Brownfield sites?
An old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development.
Greenfield sites?
Land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas on which building is restricted.
Why have there been rapid new-build developments?
In the aim to regenerate sub-urban towns to encourage migration and economic growth
Why is the suburbs a chosen place for new-build developments?
Cheap expanse of land is available whilst in close proximity to job ops in city centre
What are developers of new-builds obligated to provide?
A variety of houses: mix of properties to buy, rent or share ownership
Why can new-build properties place stress on existing services?
Often, no new services are build to cater to a large influx of buyers
Benefits of housing construction as a method of regeneration?
Increases hosing supply
Construction jobs created
Variety of housing is built to cater to many different people
Cons of housing construction as a method of regeneration?
Greenfield developments are more profitable= jabitats and environments damaged
There are limited projects at play so there is still a limited supply
Lots of housing that is classed as ‘affordable’ is not
Gentrification?
Is when an area is redeveloped and upgraded , attracting richer people and often displacing poorer tenants. Richer people will move into the more expensive, modern accommodation
How can the high cost of clearing and preparing brownfield sites be compensated by?
Building high-value apartments
What is the main aim of regeneration in cities?
To attract wealthy investors who might spend their money locally or establish a business here
What is meant by the ‘trickle down theory’?
States that tax breaks and benefits for corporations and the wealthy will trickle down to everyone else ie pay for new services etc
Benefits of gentrification?
Potential economic growth (trickle down)
Improved surroundings and new facilities
Cons of gentrification?
Lack of variety of housing (wont benefit first time buyers etc)
Often no social hosing is built= still a shortage in supply
What are examples of industrial regeneration?
Retail, leisure and tourism
Benefits of cultural regeneration
Most use disused brownfield sites= sustainable
Can benefit all stakeholders- local facilities, raising place reputation, new job ops etc
Costs of cultural regeneration
Improvements may be long term and not immediately benefit the locals
What do the most successful regeneration projects focus on?
The rebranding of an area or development of culture
Why can rural areas be the most deprived areas?
Lack of opportunity for young people, social isolation of minority groups and physical isolation from services + transport
Enter a spiral of decline after mines closed down (heavily reliant on that area of industry)
Pros of rural regeneration
Develop services, transport links or improve the economy
Can diversify, providing special outdoor adventure activities for example
Why may the government change its policies regarding migration and capital markets?
To encourage business activity
Migration as a policy change?
To fill gaps in employment or encourage skilled, wealthy individuals
May be necessary to restrict to avoid strain on services etc
Deregulation of markets as a policy change?
A gov removes its control over particular industry= privatisation and sudden competition accelerates
Creating business environments as a policy change?
Specialised industry parks encourages bus start up and bus to locate here- can be domestic or international. Depends on attraction of region
What does the success of a regeneration scheme depend on?
The focus of the scheme i.e. economic, social or sustainability
How can economic regeneration be measured?
Comparing employment rates, the local economy size, industrial productivity, before and after the scheme
How can social improvements be measured?
Increased life expectancy, literacy rates, decreased applicants for social housing, reductions in social tension, political engagement or changes to lifestyle
How can sustainability regeneration be measured?
Volume of carbon dioxide emitted, proportion of greenfield: brownfield land used, number of jobs created, how long the scheme is expected to benefit locals
What do improvements to the living environment include?
Reduced air pollution, abandoned land utilised and an increase in green, open spaces
Compulsory purchase?
Occurs when existing homes or businesses must be demolished to make way for new developments
What is public money usually used for within a regeneration scheme?
Public money from taxes is used as a pump priming mechanism to ‘lever’ in private investment
Pump-priming?
Means using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport etc
What are 3 key ways in which local councils aim to make an areas more attractive thus successful?
Retail parks/ shopping centres
Business parks
High value Quaternary industry in fields of ICT etc
What is a unitary development plan?
Identifies areas for new housing, priority areas for regeneration, new roads etc
Deregulation?
The reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more (business) competition within the industry.
What three government policies have resulted in housing shortages?
Immigration
Deregulation
Second homes and holiday homes
What three national infrastructure investment schemes have aimed to reduce the north-south divide?
Uk motorway network
High speed rail network
The considerable investment into airports
What are 3 main ways used to evaluate the need for regeneration?
Cenus data
IMD data
Labour force surveys
What is an important factor to consider when explaining engagement?
Place attachment
Place attachment?
Is the bond between an individual or community and or a location
What are some of the main factors that describe the variation in political engagement?
Language barriers
Lack of trust in politicians
Feeling like you have no influence
Lack of belonging amongst a community
‘Sink estates’?
Council housing estates that are the least desirable to live
What are 4 examples of how the media can rebrand an area?
Positive news stories
Advertisement
Logos and slogans
Public relations
