Health, human rights and intervention Flashcards
1
Q
Development
A
The idea of what 21st century life should consist of- essentials (such as access to clean water), access to services and opportunity .
2
Q
GDP and GDP per capita
A
A measure of wealth and mean wealth through income.
3
Q
What could a high GDP represent?
A
High earning population and productive workforce
4
Q
What could impact the reliability of some countries’ GDP?
A
The presence of very rich minorities
5
Q
Life expectancy
A
Measuring lifestyle and health- how long a person will life, when they’re born and risk of disease
6
Q
Infant mortality rate
A
Quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children. Most vulnerable people in society (Catch disease, infection etc)
7
Q
Interdependency
A
Means that they (a country) are dependent on one another in some way.
8
Q
How are developing countries dependent on developed countries?
A
Dependent on developed countries for manufactured goods or aid
9
Q
What are the four economic measures of development?
A
GPD, life expectancy, literacy rate, infant mortality rate
10
Q
What are the three main complex measures of development?
A
Happy planet index, Kof index of globalisation, world happiness index
11
Q
Happy planet index
A
Links to life expectancy, wellbeing and equality with the impact of ecological footprint
12
Q
KOF index of globalisation
A
Measures the strength of links between countries.
13
Q
World happines sindex
A
Measures alternative ideas like social support, generosity and corruption
14
Q
What features do countries have that prioritise globalisation?
A
Good infrastructure, education, economic funds available- based on how population feels about transparency of their gov
15
Q
Reasons for the top 5 countries on HDI?
A
Large economies with advancing tech industries + high GDP per capita, strong infrastructure and transport links, clean water, electricity, food to households, free education systems, op to progress in further education
16
Q
Why do the trends on the Happy plant index vary?
A
Each country largely varies in lifestyle, physical + human geography, and government styles
17
Q
Reasons for trends regarding literacy rate?
A
May be unrealistic: the country measures itself rather than an organisation thus a country may claim to have a higher rate than they actually do to avoid intervention
18
Q
What does development have a strong link to?
A
A country’s wealth: the more they can spend of infrastructure, education and health
19
Q
Rosling’s theory?
A
Believes life expectancy directly correlates with a country’s development
20
Q
In regards to development, what do governments have a different focus on?
A
Sustainability, economic growth, law focus on religion, reducing inequality within population
21
Q
Which style of governance is most successful?
A
NO model/governance style is completely successful
22
Q
Democracy?
A
Is a system of governance based on the belief that the population has equal rights in deciding on how a country is run.
23
Q
Capitalism?
A
Is an economic system where industry is owned by private businesses and are run to make a profit as opposed to be run by a state
24
Q
Disadvantage of capitalism?
A
Can lead to great inequalities of wealth
25
Advantage of capitalism?
Capitalist economies tend to be the most wealthy and successful across the globe eg USA, UK, Germany
26
"Western" development?
Equal rights, democracy and capitalism- is seen as successful in promoting development
27
What countries tend to be leading in economic and political significance?
Western countries
28
Why do some countries not wish to adopt western guidance?
Go against traditions, culture and way of life
29
Cons of Westernised lifestyle
Unsustainable: consume large volumes of energy, water + create lots of greenhouse emissions
Contradict other religions' laws
30
What is an example of a country that has adopted a model of non-secular governance?
Islam- Sharia Law
31
What is an example of a country that has adopted a model of sustainability?
Bolivia
32
Communism?
Opposite of capitalism, industries are state owned- competition between businesses are reduced.
33
Cons of communism
Less focus on profits= little economic growth, no FDI or competition between companies
Wages controlled by bureaucrats so inequality still exists within wealth distribution
To maintain one-party control, there is a restriction on freedom of speech
34
Pros of communism
Some states have opened up to globalisation, trade and political cooperation eg China has fastest growing economy- however, communism limits this growth
35
Authoritarian?
(Opposite to a democracy)- decisions are made by the gov or an individual alone- tend to have a bad record for development and human rights
36
Examples of authoritarian states
North Korea
| Myanmar
37
Why do developing countries have greater health related problems?
Poor healthcare- no money to invest (vaccines, improvements), limited healthcare professionals
Poor access to food and water
Climate- tropical diseases such as malaria
Overcrowding- fast spread of disease
Informal settlements- high poverty, limited services, fast spread of diseases and fire
38
Why do developed countries have lower health related problems?
Excellent access to clean water
Disposable income ca be spent on improving lifestyle (diet , gym)- extend life expectancy
Good healthcare access, life insurance, advancing medical procedures
39
Why do developed nations still face health problems?
Lifestyle choices- smoking, alcohol, excessive saturated fats
Large cities still susceptible to infectious diseases and prone to extreme weather events
40
Why is there variations in healthy and life expectancy within a country (UK for example)?
Related to inequality
41
Why has life expectancy improved in the UK?
Due to:
Changes in employment- tertiary and quaternary jobs
Increasing wealth (on average)- greater disposable income to improve lifestyle
Fewer risks to life- stricter health and safety regulations, increased vaccination programmes, improved knowledge from young age
42
Why has life expectancy not improved for some areas in the UK?
Economic decline- deindustrialisation= unemployment and deprivation
Culture- drinking after work= excessive drinking sand smoking
Densely populated cities- prone to infectious diseases (large net movement of people)
43
What demographic factors may health vary between?
Gender, ethnicity and socio-economic groups
44
Why does gender impact health in some countries?
Inequality in the roles of gender i.e. men operating in physical labour jobs exposed to greater health risks= lower life expectancy
45
Why does health vary between some socio-economic groups?
Low socio-economic groups are employed in more riskier or physically demanding jobs.
Have some of the lowest education rates which can affect attitude to healthy lifestyle and achieving higher paid, less risky job
46
Why does health vary within indigenous and minority groups?
Limited provisions in accordance with their culture
May avoid medical assistance if health services are run in a way that conflicts with their culture
Physical isolation from services- restricted access to healthcare
47
What is the most influential factor to a country's development?
Education
48
Night school
Opportunity for education in vocational skills above 18- progress in employment and improve earnings
49
Primary education
Standard education across entire population- can improve health of population (eg sexual health education)
50
Further education
Institutes such as a college or university provide specialist education- attract high income opportunity, expands quaternary industries, skills passed on in households= improved quality of life
51
Why do some countries have a barrier to education?
Gender inequality, religion or tradition, epidemics, conflict, corrupt governance
52
What is social development directly liked to level of?
Economic development
53
What does the wealth of a county demonstrate?
It’s capability to provide for its population
54
How can a country utilise its income to improve social well-being?
Improved healthcare = improved health of population > increasingly productive workforce, increased life expectancy, more skilled workforce if investment in education
55
Three key approaches to improve social development?
Welfare states
Totalitarian regimes
IGO’s
56
Welfare states and improving social development?
Can aim to prove a stable economy by providing for those unemployed or disadvantaged
57
What type of government can afford to adopt a welfare state?
Developed countries
58
Totalitarian regimes and improving social development?
Focus on political and military enforcement- aim to gain wealth via streamlining services and being efficient as possible = new job ops or infrastructure, indirectly helping poor
59
IGOs and improving social development?
Key in the economic development and rebuilding across the world after affect of ww1- successful in globalisation
60
Cons of IGOs and social development?
Helped TNCS succeed- widened inequality gap
61
What does the United nations focus on protecting?
Human rights
Peace and Serenity
Social advancement
62
What did the UN create to help meet its aims?
Millennium development goals
63
Millennium development goals?
Put in place as a framework for developing and emerging economies- provide assistance
OUTDATED
64
Why is the success of the millennium development goals capped?
1 in 8 still remain in hunger and malnourishment
Climate change still remains a threat
1/6 people are still illiterate
65
How have the millennium development goals been successful ?
People living on $1.25 has halved
| Dramatic increase in enrolment
66
What did the sustainable development goals replace?
The millennium development goals
67
Sustainable development goals
To encourage sustained social development
68
What are 3 examples of the sustainable development goals?
No poverty
No hunger
Good health
69
When do the sustainable development goals have the aim to be met by?
2030
70
Universal declaration of human rights
30 articles set out in 1948 based on the rights of freedom and justice
71
What country’s have to follow the universal declaration of human rights?
They are a basis of international law and countries are expected to adhere to all of the articles, not just the ones that suit their society
72
What are the cons of the human declaration of human rights?
Counties human rights are still being violated- authoritarian counties who lack personal freedom have limited human rights
They have been criticised as favouring western values and forcibly trying to change other traditions
Developing and emerging countries believe their economic development is more important
73
European convention on human rights
Developed alongside the universal declaration of human rights with similar aims to promote democracy, integration and freedom
74
How many articles are on the European convention on human rights?
59 articles
75
What are the cons of the European convention on human rights?
Some people believe it undermines national sovereignty within the European court overruling the decision of national counts such as:
Abortion laws
Deportation of political prisoners
76
Who are international courts good for?
Individuals who believe their government should be held accountable to an action of decision
77
Why have s verbal counties drafted their own rights laws?
Negatively impacts their sovereignty
78
Geneva convention
A set of international rules that apply in war situations
79
What does the geneva convention protect?
Civilians
Wounded when armed forces
Prisoners of war
Shipwrecked navy forces
80
How many counties have to follow the geneva convention?
International law- all counties
81
Why is the geneva convention unsuccessful?
Counties have been known to break rules by torturing and interrogating prisoners of war
82
What has social progression in the west created a focus of?
Civil and political rights (right to vote, freedom in speech and free movement)
83
What do east and communist countries have a focus on?
The priority of economic and cultural rights (beliefs in right to work and ability to be housed)
84
Why do different countries have different viewpoints?
Depends on progression of their country
85
What do developing/emerging economies tend to prioritise?
Economic stability and political security
86
How has. globalisation played a huge role in human rights?
Is making detrimental attitudes to human rights more prevalent in the news which creates public pressure for governments to act and intervene
87
Which two type of countries have differing attitudes to protection of human rights?
Authoritarian and democratic
88
What % of global GDP is spent corruptly?
5%- bribing officials or “lost” money in governments
89
How does corruption stifle development?
Lost money that could be spent on improving infrastructure and services- improve health, attract business, improve safety regulations
Threatens human rights enforcement- exploitation
Can affect level of trust between government and population
90
Who does political corruption impact the most?
Protest in society which creates greater gender inequality between different levels
91
What does the British human rights report set out?
To target priority countries to ensure equality and the following of human rights globally
92
In terms of human rights, what do priority countries tend to be notorious for?
Modern slavery, discrimination against women and homophobic attitudes- little done to change these
93
In terms of human rights, what have developed countries progressed towards?
Equal opportunities (equal pay for men and women)
94
Cultural shift
A change in attitude which creates pressure in emerging socioties to conform and create a more equal society
95
What are 4 ways that developed countries and superpowers assist developing countries?
Development aid
Trade embargos
Military aid
Disaster aid
96
Development aid
Provided to poorer countries in the form of a subsidy to support growth ad development- positive consequences are limited
97
Trade embargos
Are restrictions on a specific country against the movement of people and goods- controversial policies and who trade openly dangerous weapons and goods
98
Military aid
Usually supports a country though investment in weapons to assist them in the defence of a country- less common
99
Disaster aid
Most common form of intervention- aids countries back to what they were after a disaster such as a natural disaster or threats due to climate change
100
When are interventions encouraged?
When human rights are violated
Countries that are heavily reliant on aid
If a country is rife with corruption, aid is reduced/removed so as a force to change government and leadership
101
What did the international monetary fund progressed towards the encouragement of?
"Trade not aid"- aid does not always appear to improve infrastructure, quality of life or economy in long term
102
When is political intervention perceived to only occur?
When its beneficial to a nation in an effort to maintain their power in a region, or to uphold their ideology
103
What type of impact does military action have on economic growth?
Negative impacts- more unsustainable> less FDI> less economic growth
104
Why may military intervention be necessary?
To remove corrupt governments
105
How does aid and intervention help development?
Can build infrastructure etc
| Political stability after military intervention can lead to reconstruction and economic growth
106
How does aid and intervention limit development?
Govs may become reliant on aid and wont invest in their own interventions
Conflict will destroy facilities and infrastructure, increasing a country's debt
107
How does aid and intervention help human rights?
Direct military can remove authoritarian powers, hence enabling to improve and develop
Immediate medical support will reduce fatalities and improve wellbeing
Some conflicts can be avoided and threats reduced by military presence
108
How does aid and intervention limit human rights?
Military influence is limited in how they can influence a populations culture or ideology- cannot stop arranged marriages for example
Direct military action can lead to a loss of life thus protection of human rights
109
How is aid and intervention effective?
Some NGOs run self help schemes and localised efforts- improves development
Can lead to improved safety and a better quality of life
Gov intervention tends to be much more effective than NGO charity How does aid and intervention help development programmes- more authority and political influence
110
How is aid and intervention ineffective?
Often based on western ideology- countries who don't share these views tend to be underdeveloped
Lack of attachment to country in need in terms of decision making
Often, those in need don't receive- biased to ally counties, IGOs only give to their members
Provide insensitive supplies
111
How does intervention look regarding short and long term?
The short term gains don't make up fort long term costs
