Regeneration Flashcards
What are the 4 different employment sectors?
- Primary - farming, mining
- Secondary - manafacturing
- Tertiary - services
- Quaternary - scientific research
Economic activity classified into economic sectors
- rural areas tend to have more primary activity - low paid
- urban areas have high proportions of secondary and tertiary activity
- quaternary employment concentrated in specific areas - unis and accessibility
What are the employment types?
- full time or part time
- temporary workers
- self employed
- employees with contracts (fixed or permanent)
Social implications; health points
- personal health may be measured by morbidity and longevity
- direct links between place, employment, lifestyle and health
Social implications ; life expectancy points
- longevity varies substantially between and within places
- gender, income, occupation, education are key factors
- UK - for women = 81.6 years and men = 77.2
Social implications ; education
- educational provision and outcome is unequal
- outcome strongly linked to income levels
- boys from especially the Pakistani/black African and Bangladeshi origin are more likely to have lower results
Inequality in pay key points
- high inequality reduces a place’s potential for economic growth
- disparity in incomes and cost of living nationally and locally
- those in primary sector receive lower pay than those in the other sectors
- gender gap has narrowed but on average men paid 10% more than women
- minimum wage been renamed living wage
- temporary and seasonal work often low paid
- people visiting food banks is increasing
Quality of life indicies
- HDI
- IMD
The IMD points
- informs national and local government decision making
- ranks the super output areas across England according to 7 domains of deprivation - income, employment, education, health, crime, living environment and barriers to housing and services
- each of these domains is based on further indicators - 37 in total
Main functions of a place are…
- commercial - offices of service industries
- adminsitrative - council offices, schools, clinics
- retail - shops that range in size
- industrial - factories, warehouses
Demographic characteristics are ….
- life expectancy is increasing and populations are ageing
- ethnic compositions are becoming more varied
- gentrification taking place in inner city areas
Change is taking place due to…
- increased accessibility through a motorway junction
- connectedness through the internet
- some people resisting the notion of clone high streets
- small industrial units setting up in small redundant farm buildings
- planning decisions
How can you measure change within a place?
- land use changes - comparison of maps
- employment trends - data from ONS
- demographic changes - data from ONS
- levels of deprivation
What have economic and social characteristics been influenced by?
- forces that have operated in the past - public spaces, old buildings, street names
- present day regional, national, international and global forces
Past and present connections
- create a perception and image of a place
- influence a persons identity and sense of belonging to that place
- lead to different representations of place by either informal or formal methods
Representations of a place; informal methods
- tourist boards - select aspects of a place that fit a desired perception of that place
- several agencies - make us use our imagination to infleunce how we see a place
- advertising agenices - combine written and visual imagery to enhance settings of a place
- some representations may be artistic
Representations of a place; formal methods
- more geospatial data stored and analysed
- in many countries the most effective representation is the census
- many government agencies maintain websites that present formal representations of a place
- formal representations offer rational perspectives of a place - ages, gender and type of people living there
Sucessful regions
- attract people and investment as they create opportunities
- have high levels of transport and technological infrastructure
- have few areas of deprivation
- have problems - high property prices, congestion and skills shortages
Perceptions may vary..
- younger people in high earning jobs will enjoy fast pace life
- unskilled people will have more negative views about their quality of life
- retirees may want to leave because they want a slower pace area and attractive scenery
Less successful regions
- declining investment
- high rates of deprivation and industrialisation
- high levels of unhappiness
- poor levels of educational attainment
- have ageing populations
- suffer spiral of decline
What are the four types of area in need of regeneration?
- Sink estates
- Gated communities
- Commuter villages
- Declining rural settlements
How can engagement with a place be achieved?
- living there or visiting in person
- influencing the activities in that area - votes
Key points of the election in UK
- poor, black and young people in urban areas less likely to be on the election roll
- rural voters = conservatives
- urban voters = labour
- older people are more likely to vote than younger people
Attachments often change through our life cycle or length of residence…
- studentification creates a youthful ambience - liked by some and not others
- young adults may prefer to live in locations where work, shops and leisure facilities are close by
- people with young families desire more space
- older people may prefer more seclusion
Why may conflict occur in a community?
- diff views about priorities and strategies for regeneration
- marginalised people lacking of political engagement and representation
- ethnic tensions
- social polarisation
Types of data to see whether an area needs regeneration
- Quantative - census data (pop rates, health, ethnicity)
- Qualitive - photos, postcards
UK government policies key points
- regeneration is a local process
- much funding comes from national government and EU
- policies have been subject to change over last 40 yrs
What are some of the investments into the infrastructure in the UK?
- UK motorway network
- HS2 rail link
- regional airport development
- broadband roll out including to rural areas
National government also sets the planning policies within which local development can take place:
- greenbelt land is protected
- conservation areas have strict planning regulations
- percentage of affordable homes
- house building targets
Migration key points:
- economists say migration needed for increase in GDP
- migrants fill skill shortages
- some say they take jobs and add pressure to services
Capital key points;
- since 1986 financial markets have become deregulated by successive governments
- lack of regulations led to financial crash in 2008/7
Key points of local planning
- local authorities compete to create attractive business environements for domestic and foreign investors
- may include new roads, factories and housing
- designate specific areas for development
Interest groups of local government
- often tensions between groups that wish to change and those who wish to preserve a place
- affluent areas tend to have more mobilised local interest groups
Specific rebranding strategies for deindustrialised cities have involved (urban) …..
- using their industrial history as an asset - museums
- converting old buildings into apartments/shops/hotels
- making renewed use of canal basins and river quaysides
Specific rebranding strategies in the post production countryside area include (rural) …..
- heritage and literary associations
- farm diversification and specialised products
- outdoor pursuits and adventure
Regeneration isn’t always good it can also……
- force out locals - because of rising costs of living
- change the character of a place completely which locals may not value
What does the view of stakeholders depend on?
- their own perceptions, attachments, lived experiences
- their use of different criteria to judge success
What are the 7 factors influencing perception of success of regeneration?
- media coverage
- personal perceptions and attachments
- gender
- ethnicity
- personal experiences of change
- age
- stance towards development and change
