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Geography Revision > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 different employment sectors?

A
  • Primary - farming, mining
  • Secondary - manafacturing
  • Tertiary - services
  • Quaternary - scientific research
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2
Q

Economic activity classified into economic sectors

A
  • rural areas tend to have more primary activity - low paid
  • urban areas have high proportions of secondary and tertiary activity
  • quaternary employment concentrated in specific areas - unis and accessibility
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3
Q

What are the employment types?

A
  • full time or part time
  • temporary workers
  • self employed
  • employees with contracts (fixed or permanent)
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4
Q

Social implications; health points

A
  • personal health may be measured by morbidity and longevity
  • direct links between place, employment, lifestyle and health
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5
Q

Social implications ; life expectancy points

A
  • longevity varies substantially between and within places
  • gender, income, occupation, education are key factors
  • UK - for women = 81.6 years and men = 77.2
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6
Q

Social implications ; education

A
  • educational provision and outcome is unequal
  • outcome strongly linked to income levels
  • boys from especially the Pakistani/black African and Bangladeshi origin are more likely to have lower results
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7
Q

Inequality in pay key points

A
  • high inequality reduces a place’s potential for economic growth
  • disparity in incomes and cost of living nationally and locally
  • those in primary sector receive lower pay than those in the other sectors
  • gender gap has narrowed but on average men paid 10% more than women
  • minimum wage been renamed living wage
  • temporary and seasonal work often low paid
  • people visiting food banks is increasing
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8
Q

Quality of life indicies

A
  • HDI

- IMD

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9
Q

The IMD points

A
  • informs national and local government decision making
  • ranks the super output areas across England according to 7 domains of deprivation - income, employment, education, health, crime, living environment and barriers to housing and services
  • each of these domains is based on further indicators - 37 in total
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10
Q

Main functions of a place are…

A
  • commercial - offices of service industries
  • adminsitrative - council offices, schools, clinics
  • retail - shops that range in size
  • industrial - factories, warehouses
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11
Q

Demographic characteristics are ….

A
  • life expectancy is increasing and populations are ageing
  • ethnic compositions are becoming more varied
  • gentrification taking place in inner city areas
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12
Q

Change is taking place due to…

A
  • increased accessibility through a motorway junction
  • connectedness through the internet
  • some people resisting the notion of clone high streets
  • small industrial units setting up in small redundant farm buildings
  • planning decisions
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13
Q

How can you measure change within a place?

A
  • land use changes - comparison of maps
  • employment trends - data from ONS
  • demographic changes - data from ONS
  • levels of deprivation
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14
Q

What have economic and social characteristics been influenced by?

A
  • forces that have operated in the past - public spaces, old buildings, street names
  • present day regional, national, international and global forces
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15
Q

Past and present connections

A
  • create a perception and image of a place
  • influence a persons identity and sense of belonging to that place
  • lead to different representations of place by either informal or formal methods
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16
Q

Representations of a place; informal methods

A
  • tourist boards - select aspects of a place that fit a desired perception of that place
  • several agencies - make us use our imagination to infleunce how we see a place
  • advertising agenices - combine written and visual imagery to enhance settings of a place
  • some representations may be artistic
17
Q

Representations of a place; formal methods

A
  • more geospatial data stored and analysed
  • in many countries the most effective representation is the census
  • many government agencies maintain websites that present formal representations of a place
  • formal representations offer rational perspectives of a place - ages, gender and type of people living there
18
Q

Sucessful regions

A
  • attract people and investment as they create opportunities
  • have high levels of transport and technological infrastructure
  • have few areas of deprivation
  • have problems - high property prices, congestion and skills shortages
19
Q

Perceptions may vary..

A
  • younger people in high earning jobs will enjoy fast pace life
  • unskilled people will have more negative views about their quality of life
  • retirees may want to leave because they want a slower pace area and attractive scenery
20
Q

Less successful regions

A
  • declining investment
  • high rates of deprivation and industrialisation
  • high levels of unhappiness
  • poor levels of educational attainment
  • have ageing populations
  • suffer spiral of decline
21
Q

What are the four types of area in need of regeneration?

A
  • Sink estates
  • Gated communities
  • Commuter villages
  • Declining rural settlements
22
Q

How can engagement with a place be achieved?

A
  • living there or visiting in person

- influencing the activities in that area - votes

23
Q

Key points of the election in UK

A
  • poor, black and young people in urban areas less likely to be on the election roll
  • rural voters = conservatives
  • urban voters = labour
  • older people are more likely to vote than younger people
24
Q

Attachments often change through our life cycle or length of residence…

A
  • studentification creates a youthful ambience - liked by some and not others
  • young adults may prefer to live in locations where work, shops and leisure facilities are close by
  • people with young families desire more space
  • older people may prefer more seclusion
25
Q

Why may conflict occur in a community?

A
  • diff views about priorities and strategies for regeneration
  • marginalised people lacking of political engagement and representation
  • ethnic tensions
  • social polarisation
26
Q

Types of data to see whether an area needs regeneration

A
  • Quantative - census data (pop rates, health, ethnicity)

- Qualitive - photos, postcards

27
Q

UK government policies key points

A
  • regeneration is a local process
  • much funding comes from national government and EU
  • policies have been subject to change over last 40 yrs
28
Q

What are some of the investments into the infrastructure in the UK?

A
  • UK motorway network
  • HS2 rail link
  • regional airport development
  • broadband roll out including to rural areas
29
Q

National government also sets the planning policies within which local development can take place:

A
  • greenbelt land is protected
  • conservation areas have strict planning regulations
  • percentage of affordable homes
  • house building targets
30
Q

Migration key points:

A
  • economists say migration needed for increase in GDP
  • migrants fill skill shortages
  • some say they take jobs and add pressure to services
31
Q

Capital key points;

A
  • since 1986 financial markets have become deregulated by successive governments
  • lack of regulations led to financial crash in 2008/7
32
Q

Key points of local planning

A
  • local authorities compete to create attractive business environements for domestic and foreign investors
  • may include new roads, factories and housing
  • designate specific areas for development
33
Q

Interest groups of local government

A
  • often tensions between groups that wish to change and those who wish to preserve a place
  • affluent areas tend to have more mobilised local interest groups
34
Q

Specific rebranding strategies for deindustrialised cities have involved (urban) …..

A
  • using their industrial history as an asset - museums
  • converting old buildings into apartments/shops/hotels
  • making renewed use of canal basins and river quaysides
35
Q

Specific rebranding strategies in the post production countryside area include (rural) …..

A
  • heritage and literary associations
  • farm diversification and specialised products
  • outdoor pursuits and adventure
36
Q

Regeneration isn’t always good it can also……

A
  • force out locals - because of rising costs of living

- change the character of a place completely which locals may not value

37
Q

What does the view of stakeholders depend on?

A
  • their own perceptions, attachments, lived experiences

- their use of different criteria to judge success

38
Q

What are the 7 factors influencing perception of success of regeneration?

A
  • media coverage
  • personal perceptions and attachments
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • personal experiences of change
  • age
  • stance towards development and change

Geography Revision (8 decks)

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