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Human Geography > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

reimageing

A

dissociating a place from its previously bad image

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2
Q

rebranding

A

representing a place with a new identity to change peoples perception of it

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3
Q

regeneration

A

a long-term redevelopment with improvement to physical and economic environments

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4
Q

gentrification

A

the process of middle and upper-class individuals moving into traditionally lower and working-class areas in a city, displacing original residents

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5
Q

perception

A

the image a place projects

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6
Q

lived experience

A

the feelings associated with a place as a result of personal history of living in a certain place

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7
Q

quality of life

A

level of happiness, wellbeing or contentment, resulting from a way of living

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8
Q

heritage tourism

A

traveling to experience the places, artifacts and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past

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9
Q

deprivation

A

Individuals’ lack basic services or objects they would expect to have in the 21st Century

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10
Q

dereliction

A

The loss of industry or productivity of a land, leaving it abandoned

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11
Q

sport led regeneration

A

a sport related development is seen as the catalyst for urban regeneration eg the olympics

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12
Q

infrastructure

A

the built environment

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13
Q

legacy

A

the long-lasting impact of particular events, actions, etc. that took place in the past

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14
Q

pump priming

A

Pump-priming means using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies can choose to invest.

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15
Q

studentification

A

the process by which specific neighbourhoods become dominated by student residential occupation

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16
Q

place vs space

A

A ​place is a ​location which has ​different meanings to various people, a space is a place without meaning.

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17
Q

retail led regeneration

A

regeneration created by retailers moving to an area for example liverpool one

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18
Q

glasgow effect

A

people in scotland have a lower life expectancy

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19
Q

valorisation

A

adding value to a natural resource or place

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20
Q

commodification

A

The process of transforming a cultural activity into a saleable product

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21
Q

function of a place

A

what it does or why it exists eg canary wharf for financial services

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22
Q

employment centre

A

a place or area where a significant number of jobs are located.

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23
Q

IMD

A

index of multiple deprivation - a statistical tool used to measure relative levels of deprivation in an area

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24
Q

relaxing planning laws

A

something a place does to attract new homes to be built there or more businesses to locate

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25
Q

cycle of poverty

A

individuals or groups become trapped in a reoccurring pattern of poverty that occurs across several generations

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26
Q

UDC

A

urban development corporation - A government-sponsored enterprise with the task of facilitating urban regeneration in specific areas.

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27
Q

LDDC

A

London docklands development corporation - an agency set up by the UK Government in 1981 to regenerate the depressed Docklands area of east London.

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28
Q

sink estates

A

council housing estate with high levels of social problems especially surrounding crime

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29
Q

urban greening

A

creating green spaces in inner city areas

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30
Q

depopulation

A

lots of people leaving an area for a variety of reasons also called a brain drain

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31
Q

enterprise zones

A

geographically defined areas, in which commercial and industrial businesses can receive incentives to set up or expand.

32
Q

flagship scheme

A

a project located near the city centre, geared to an outside audience of possible residents, investors or tourists aiming to kick start regeneration

33
Q

regional inequalities

A

A difference in the standards of living and opportunities for work between regions

34
Q

clark fisher model

A

shows how countries move through three phases: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial

35
Q

Case study: Sydney

A
  • high levels of FDI
  • high levels of migration there
  • young economically active workforce
  • leading financial centre for asia pacific region
  • high house prices
36
Q

Case study: Youngstown

A
  • lost over 50,000 jobs in the steel industry
  • reduced the tax base
  • high levels of crime and drugs
  • low house prices with many abandoned
37
Q

Case study: Birmingham

A
  • experienced deindustrialisation after the car manufacturer rover left
  • well regarded University
  • national exhibition centre and bull ring shopping centre
  • 1000 new homes and metro tram line
  • HS2
38
Q

Case Study: Newham and the Olympics

A
  • most deprived london borough (56%)
  • high levels of crime and unemployment (12.9%)
  • large job losses after closure of docklands
  • new stratford link on the jubilee line
  • olympic village turned into 3000 affordable homes
  • created 50,000 long term jobs
  • leisure centres and community spaces
  • residents of estates displaced
  • businesses displaced
  • wind turbine plan was scrapped
  • cost of living increased dramatically
39
Q

Case study: Liverpool

A
  • toxteth riots
  • lots of derelict land
  • closure of the docks
  • creation of liverpool one
  • prestigious University
  • maritime museums
  • £19 million cruise terminal
  • awarded unesco world heritage site status
40
Q

Case Study: New York Highline

A
  • 1.5 miles of renovated train tracks
  • increased spending in local shops and cafes
  • encouraged exercise
  • urban greening
  • higher real estate prices nearby
41
Q

Case Study: Cornwall

A
  • lowest wages in the country
  • most deprived place in the country
  • deindustrialisation
  • seasonal work
  • jamie oliver restaurant and college
  • investment into arts and culture
  • farmers diversifying their product ranges
  • the eden project
  • ‘Cool Cornwall’
42
Q

Case study: Lake District

A
  • ‘Adventure capital of the UK’
  • National park status
  • over 16 million tourists visit
  • worth over £1.1 billion in tourism
  • plagued by second homes
  • better roads services and infrastructure
43
Q

Case Study: Northern Ireland

A
  • belfast and giants causeway
  • social segregation as a result of the troubles
  • belfast was derelict and polluted
  • many people go to visit the site of the titanics building
  • big focus on attracting tourists
44
Q

Case Study: Jurassic Coast

A
  • aimed to attract more visitors to boost the local economy
  • gained unesco world heritage site status
  • now receives up to 5 million visitors annually
45
Q

Case Study: Salford Quays

A
  • deindustrialised
  • primarily used for warehouses and storage
  • overshadowed by problems in nearby liverpool and manchester
  • LS Lowry building and media city buildings
  • new flats for people looking to live outside inner city
  • renamed to quays from docks
  • diversified economic base
  • more lucrative industries
46
Q

Case study: Cheshire Science corridor

A
  • rural growth strategy
  • encourages UK investment
  • helps science research in the UK
  • near liverpool and manchester airports
  • along the M56 corridor
47
Q

Case Study: Doncaster Earth centre

A
  • failed project
  • tried to bring tourists to the area
  • funded by council and national lottery
  • used in a few tv shows before closure
48
Q

what are some reasons for change in a place?

A

– Factors such as coastal erosion, increasing flood risk or concern about climate change.
– historical development for example the primary historic functions for place and no longer important e.g. industrialisation
– globalisation
– accessibility and connectedness for example developing motorway and railway connections, increased migration, and access to fibre optic broadband.
– the role of local National government for example national government policies to conserve culturally or environmentally important places or policies to increase housing, improve accessibility and connectedness eg HS2

49
Q

what does the function of a place mean and what are some different functions?

A

The function of a place is what the place does for its community and its surroundings. Overtime, places that started off providing a single function may become multifunctional:
– administrative functions: for example, organisation of services like waste disposal, collection of local taxes
– commercial and retail functions: for example a place is the main shopping destination for a region.
– Industrial functions: someplace are still strongly identified with particular industries, but many are now post industrial

50
Q

what are some demographic changes a place may experience?

A

age
ethnic composition
gentrification

51
Q

list some data sources for measuring change

A
52
Q

what does IMD mean and what does it measure?

A

IMD - index multiple deprivation
– Measures how deprived a place it is in relation to all other areas that data are collected for in England
– 37 different indicators are collected into seven domains each representing a different aspect of deprivation. The domains have different weightings.
– All places have similar population sizes making them comparable

53
Q

what are past and present connections?

A

things that have shaped the economic and social characteristics of a place

54
Q

what are some typical changes to places over time?

A
55
Q

what connections shape a place?

A

regional and national influences
- how have national government policies affected a place? (brexit, HS2)
- what are the regional plans for development? (enterprise zones)

influences on identity
- what have the economic and social changes been in your two places?
- how have these changes in your chosen place influenced other peoples identities?

international and global influence
- do TNCs have influence in your place? are you visited by international tourists?
- how has international migration influenced your places?

56
Q

what is cumulative causation?

A

For example: new opportunities encourage inward migration, which boosts the regions economy, encouraging new development

57
Q

what is the spiral of decline and what can it cause?

A
58
Q

how are regeneration priorities decided?

A
59
Q

what is a sink estate?

A

Council housing estates that are among the most deprived areas (very low IMD scores) in Britain. They often have high crime and benefit culture which is represented in mainstream media.

60
Q

what is lived experience?

A

Live experience is the experience of living in a place.

Different people have different lived experiences of a place, and this can produce different levels of engagement with that place.

61
Q

how is engagement with a place measured?

A

🔥🔥🔥🔥VOTER TURNOUT🔥🔥🔥🔥
turnout has been on the decline since the 1980s (probs bcs parties don’t connect with people)
local elections are especially bad bcs people don’t think local gov has power to make changes

62
Q

what factors affect a persons lived experience of a place?

A
63
Q

what are some causes of conflicting views?

A
  1. lack of political engagement
  2. ethnic tensions
  3. inequality
  4. lack of economic opportunities
64
Q

what statistical evidence is there to show if regeneration has worked or not?

A

census data collected every 10 years
the ONS website details employment, housing, crime and environmental issues
local councils often provide info on area

65
Q

how does media effect regenerations success?

A

National and local news media and local community social media can provide conflicting views on plan of regeneration.

It is important to recognise bias and news media coverage as a reason for conflicting views

66
Q

how do government policy decisions play a role in regeneration especially when infrastructure is involved?

A

UK government policy decisions play a key role in regeneration: infrastructure investment is so expensive often only national government can fund it. Government decisions often determine the rate and type of development, and also economic growth investment.
– previous examples include cross rail, HS2, Heathrow expansion, and the northern powerhouse
– The high cost of infrastructure projects means government funds are often mixed with private investment – governments back infrastructure projects in the expectation that they will boost economic development and reduce inequality between places however this is often disputed

67
Q

how do national and local government decisions for regeneration differ?

A
68
Q

what are some examples of regeneration strategies? Try and also think about where these have been used and who may have implemented them.

A

– New housing
– restoration of older housing or historic buildings
– Improvements to the environment or landscape
– moving government jobs to regenerate areas
– new retail spaces and leisure parks
– new infrastructure
– improvements to local schools
– upgrading road and rail links
– producing congestion
– investing in local festivals, or farmers markets

69
Q

who may be examples of local interest groups?

A
  • chambers of commerce (local organisations promoting the interests of local businesses)
  • Local preservation societies (groups looking after historic sites)
  • Trade unions (organisations to protect the rights of workers)
70
Q

what does retail led mean?

A

this means that every regeneration scheme was led by plants for a new retail park for example Westfield shopping centre. schemes can also be sport led, heritage led, tourism led, etc

71
Q

what is reimagine?

A

Changing public perception of a place. Changing negative views into positive perceptions through new associations.

72
Q

what is rebranding?

A

redeveloping a place in a way that makes it more attractive to investors, visitors and residents.

This will often involve both regeneration and re-imaging.

73
Q

what players benefit from regeneration?

A
74
Q

what do urban rebranding strategies tend to focus on?

A

Industrial heritage: conservation of old industrial sites and commercial successful, distinctive spaces

75
Q

what do rural rebranding schemes tend to focus on?

A

– Diversification into heritage and literary associations
– farm diversification, for example educational visits, tourism, or retail
– outdoor pursuits and adventure, such as quad bike racing, paint balling, team building activities, and clay pigeon shooting

76
Q

what are some general measurements that prove regeneration has been successful?

A

– Lower unemployment
– lower crime rates
– higher education levels
– higher life expectancy
– higher levels of tourism
– better experiences
– better quality of life
– happier stakeholders
– better environmental quality
– more investment
– more inward migration

Human Geography (4 decks)

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