Case Studies Flashcards
Olympic Park Regeneration
– The athletes village has been re-launched as a housing estate called the East Village
– helped schools in the area
– the aquatic centre now uses its 50 meter pools as facilities for the community and schools.
– unemployment overall fell across London during the Olympic period
– Stratford got a tube station to connect the area to the rest of London.
– two new underground lines as well as a high-speed travelling train to Kings Cross and the Docklands light Railway (DLR)
– the Olympics brought more than £90 billion of investment to East London.
– many of the grounds in the Olympic Park have been used as Parkland open to the public
– the Urban west side of the lower valley was cleaned up with soil being cleaned on site
EBI
– residents of the carpenters estate hadn’t been displaced.
– wildlife hadn’t had to be relocated.
– existing businesses hadn’t had to move
London Docklands Regeneration
regeneration due to:
– loss of the docks due containerisation
– high levels of crime and deprivation
– between 1970 and 1980 there was 30,000 jobs lost.
– unemployment levels were 21% which was twice the national average
– there was inadequate transport links by both road and rail discouraging investment.
Focus of regeneration:
– regenerate the derelict brownfield docklands area
– add value
– provide new jobs and boost the U.K.’s financial sector.
Evidence of success:
– the Docklands contains some of the worlds biggest banks including HSBC, Barclays and Merrill Lynch Bank of America.
– there is a 14 million ft.² of office and retail space
– many buildings include a canteen, gym, etc which helps to attract businesses and staff
– in 2000 only 28,000 people worked there compared to 105,000 people working there now
Liverpool regeneration and rebranding
Focus of regeneration:
– to reclaim derelict land and create new houses and jobs
– regenerate the Albert dock
– reduce levels of crime and vandalism and economic and social deprivation
evidence of success:
– The Merseyside development Corporation regenerated 320 ha of derelict land
– Liverpool was awarded the European capital of culture in 2008
– over 15 million visitors for attracted for the 7000 cultural events that were being held there and just one year
– in 2004 the waterfront of Liverpool was awarded the UNESCO world Heritage site status
– Liverpool one shopping centre receive 22 million visitors every year.
EBI:
– improving personal health, wealth and opportunity.
– Created more thriving neighbourhoods and successful and productive businesses that create employment.
– A healthy and protected natural environment
Jurassic Coast rebranding
Focus of regeneration:
– to bring more visitors to the area in order to increase tax revenue and the success of businesses.
Evidence of success:
– over 5 million people visit per year, lots of these visitors travel internationally
– Durdle door, a key part of the Jurassic coast is becoming extremely popular.
– has become a world heritage site.
EBI:
– the coastline has experience less degradation from tourists littering.
– there were fewer second homes there as this is not good for the local economy as a lot of the work becomes seasonal
Lake district rebranding
Focus of regeneration:
– to bring more visitors to the area for family or walking holidays
evidence of success:
– 15.8 million visitors per year.
– has been granted national Park and world heritage site status
– property prices have increased adding value to the area.
EBI:
– there were more visitors out of season
– there had been less degradation to the natural environment.
– there were a few second homes
Cornwall rebranding
why?
– The area was poorly served by Transport from London and other areas meaning that many people are moving out of the area.
– no growth of industry or creation of jobs
– brain drain effect
– lower wages as Cornwall has the lowest weekly wages in Britain
– deindustrialisation occured as there was decline in agriculture.
– Southwest film studios employed over 200 people and received £2 million of funding went bankrupt in 2004.
Focus of regeneration:
– introduction of extreme watersports
– Jamie Olivers restaurant which trains local people from disadvantage backgrounds and cooking other skills
– opening of the Tate St Ives
– ‘cool Cornwall’
– farmers diversify their product range and offering tourist experiences in order to not be undercut by cheaper prices from elsewhere.
Evidence of success:
– appears that the rebrand in Cornwall has been successful. This is because it has a faster growth rate than the rest of the UK (5.4%) at 5.8%
– there’s been a sharp increase in visitors due to places like the Eden project.
– there is now more income out of season
EBI:
– Cornwall could attract more season visitors
Isle of Arran rebranding
Focus of regeneration:
– Much of the tourism is only seasonal between April and October meaning that many jobs are lost when restaurants and shops close in the winter.
– visitor numbers to same country destinations have decreased due to budget packet holidays abroad with cheap flights and high cost to stay in the area.
Evidence of success:
– There was a large amount of PR reinforced which meant that 40 newspapers and 22 TV shows reported about the rebranding of Isle of Aaran.
– In 2008 it was one of the busiest on record with tourism value rising to 35 million in 2010
EBI:
– the success there was only short-lived and therefore results can still not be seen.
– people from Eastern Europe have outstripped the local labour on Aaran as a result for the growth of jobs there
– some residents believe granting the island National park status would’ve been better.
Salford Quays regeneration
Why?
– Deindustrialisation
– used for warehouses and storage.
– Overshadowed by problems in Liverpool and Manchester.
Evidence for success:
– LS Lowry buildings (conference centre, and art gallery built)
– Media city buildings moved and brought 700,000 jobs however a lot of these were filled by people moving from London
– diverse terrified economic base.
– new houses
– more lucrative industries
EBI:
– some people were not displaced
Sydney - regeneration
- leading financial centre for the asia- pacific region
- high levels of FDI from overseas banks and TNCs
- high levels of inward migration (brain gain)
- high levels of quaternary employment
- young economically active workforce
- high average income
- sunbelt city
Youngstown (rust belt) - deprivation and deindustrialisation
- deindustrialisation caused a loss of 40,000 jobs when steel mills closed
- 40% of residents live below federal poverty line
- low income
- abandoned buildings
- no job prospects
- empty homes due to brain drain
- city making plans to demolish and rebuild derelict homes
- more places to go out and housing for students
- youngstown neighbourhood development corporation
- fewer residents has caused a lack of tax revenue
Middlesbrough - deprivation and deindustrialisation
- 14% unemployment
- high levels of deprivation
- no transport links
- poor education standards
- population decline
- closure of steel industry
- abandoned housing estates breeding crime
Reading - regeneration
- excellent transport links: elizabeth line, m4 motorway, great western railway
- successful university
- large corporations and chains investing here
- desirable for commuters
- reading festival
- brain gain
- strong employment
- graduates remain after studying
China - Globalisation
- open door policy (attracting foreign capital and attracting foreign trade)
- great firewall (legislation to regulate use of the internet domestically)
sea-me-we3 - globalisation
optical submarine telecommunications cable linking Asia, Middle East and Western Europe
m-pesa - globalisation
Africa’s most successful mobile money service allowing customers to deposit cash in exchange for electronic money which can be sent throughout the country.
control of migrants (UK and Australia) - globalisation
both desirable places for migrants to attempt to move to
UK:
- rwanda plan
- small boats problems
Australia:
- govt attempting to slash migrant intake to 250,000 by june 2025
Gumintindo coffee Uganda - globalisation
fairtrade farming
Kyoto Protocol 1995 - globalisation
an attempt for countries to launch negotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change
harpenden vs luton - regeneration
luton = deprived
harpenden = thriving
Contrast as they are geographically very close and are both commuter towns yet have a big difference in average income and house prices as well as diversity.
Newham, Stratford and the 2012 olympics - regeneration
- very deprived before the olympics
- There was a severe lack of affordable housing in the area and many social problems such as a high crime rates
- The unemployment rate in August 2010 was 12.9% compared to the England average of 7.8%
- After the closure the dockyard in 1981 there was 120,000 jobs losses with 60% of males adults being unemployed. This lead to a spiral of declines as many people left the area, causing there to be a lack of service, and ultimately a lack of investment.
- A new Stratford link on the Jubilee line connects the
centre of London, opening up greater employment
opportunities. - A new 80,000 seater stadium already claimed by West Ham football club but also to host world events
- 97% of the materials demolished were re-used in the building of the olympic site.
- Many materials brought to the site by rail which has a lower carbon footprint than a lorry
- Large amounts of open space for wildlife and residents
- Created the olympic village which after the games was proposed to be turned into 3,000 affordable homes
- Creating 50,000 long term jobs for people
- Temperate jobs such as a construction tight local people key skills which they can use to apply for other jobs in the area
successful?
- 31,000 additional jobs have been created as a
result of foreign direct investment inlaced by the
UKIT Olympic Authority
- There was £2.5 billion of additional inwards
investment of which 58% was outside London
- The BMX track is open to the public as well as the
aquatics genre which attracts 800,000 visitors a
yer.
- The target to cut 100,000 tonnes of carbon was
met, the equivalent of taking 65,000 cars off the
road for 12 months
- The river banks have been re-profiled meaning the 4,000 homes are protected for 100 years from flooding
unsuccessful?
- Only 1,200 homes from the Olympic village were
turned into affordable housing, with the others
being auctioned off at much higher prices
- The number of businesses that had to be recreated was near 200, with many demanding compensation which cost a lot.
- A wind turbine that was going to be built and
provide around 20% of power for the games was
scrapped
- The cost of living in the surrounding area has
increased dramatically. For example it has risen
by 69% in Hackney
Birmingham city centre - rebranding
- birmingham used to have a large manufatcuring industry which left casuing urban declone
- high population has resulted in pressures on housing. There is not enough good quality and affordable housing
- the quality of education was particularly poor in
inner city areas such as Aston. Aston is an area of deprivation with an ethnically diverse community where many children struggled to access and succeed in education. - high unemployment
- poor english language skills
- derelict buildings from the manufacturing industry are common in inner city areas
- Birmingham unveiled a new £500 million new development called the ‘Birmingham Smithfield’, which
incorporated a major shopping centre, 1,000 new homes and the Midland Metro Tram line connecting it to the new HS2 station in 2026. - The opening of the new National Exhibition Centre (NEC) in 1976 on greenbelt land was controversial
however the location means it is near to Birmingham International Airport, which is close of visits coming from abroad for exhibitions - Finally there was a £40 million redevelopment of Matthew Boulton College, which teaches over 500 courses to 7,000 students.
success?
- The city’s visitor economy has grown by over 11% over the past 6 years with 33.8 million visitors in a year contributing more the £5 billion a year into the local economy
HS2/Crossrail - regeneration
- bridges the north south divide
- will help move people out of london that can still work there
- HS2 is expected to generate 22,000 construction jobs in the next five years and once the entire line is running create 100,000 jobs.
- It should also increase the UK’s GDP by £15bn a year - an increase of 0.8%.
- Most of the disrupted homes are not in rural areas but are actually in London. The most disrupted area in the country will be to the north of London’s Euston station.
- Improving rail journey times between Leeds and Manchester and adding extra lanes to motorways.
- The original price for HS2 was £32.7bn but the government added a further £10bn to a maximum of £42.6bn.
- Infrastructure supporting the line will be built on 250 acres of green belt land. Sites of special scientific interest will be sliced through by the line.
- HS2’s 250mph trains will use 50% more energy than the Eurostar trains, the HS2 Action Alliance says.
- Spend £50bn on HS2 and that’s £50bn gone from other projects. The UK is heavily in debt, public finances are stretched so spending must be carefully prioritised.
Salford - regeneration
- declined in 1960s
- factories are derelict and taking up space
- People left behind in Salford tended to be on low incomes, often on benefits, and could not afford to maintain their homes.
- Caused more shops and businesses to close down reducing the tax revenue for the council.
- high crime rates
- low grades
- trafford park
- attracted new businesses to the area and ensured existing businesses like Kelloggs and Hovis stayed on the estate.
- £600 million spent constructing trafford centre
- 30,000 jobs created
- lots of people went into low paid jobs
- cost £7,400 per job created
The rise of China
