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Human Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

human capital

A

producing a skilled workforce

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2
Q

homogenisation

A

making everything the same

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3
Q

globalisation flows

A

flows of people, resources, capital, or culture

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4
Q

branch plant economy

A

the negative consequences on the growth of the regions

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5
Q

global shift

A

the movement of manufacturing and industry to countries that have been recently industrialising

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6
Q

sub-contracting

A

TNCs giving out contracts to other companies to make their stuff

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7
Q

patterns of consumption

A

TNCs maximising profits by moving into new markets

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8
Q

facilitators of globalisation

A
  • TNCs and global markets
  • Improved communications
  • IGOs
  • Transport revolution
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9
Q

GII

A

gender inequality index

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10
Q

SDG & MDG

A

millennium and sustainable development goals

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11
Q

Gini Coefficient

A

how divided a society is

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12
Q

What is Absolute Poverty?

A

$1.90 a day or less

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13
Q

GNP

A

gross national product

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14
Q

HIPC

A

heavily indebted poor countries

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15
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

your standard of living compared to the general standard of your country

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16
Q

what is globalisation?

A

globalisation is the process of linking together countries from all around the world so they are interdependent especially in economic terms (such as business, trade and financial systems).

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17
Q

what are some facilitators of globalisation?

A

TNCS
international organisations
development of countries

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18
Q

what are some transport developments that have facilitated globalisation?

A

– Transport technology: in the 18th and 19th centuries steam power based on coal, improved land and water transport but refinement of oil in the first half of the 20th century introduced faster transport especially with the development of the aeroplane which remain important in the 21st century
– Transport costs: started to reduce in the 19th century and fell further in the 20th and 25th century as Transport got faster and also more efficient carrying larger loads (containerisation)
– transport speed travelling between countries faster overtime, especially with jet aircraft since the 1960s

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19
Q

what communication development have facilitated globalisation?

A
  • telecommunications: the telegraph, then the telephone and television, then satellites technology
  • computers and internet: Linking computer systems in different countries became possible with development of webs in the 1980 culminating in the global Internet from 1990. This lab business in different countries to be coordinated and the rise of global brands and social media.
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20
Q

protectionist policy

A

Globalisation increases competition and businesses in a country may suffer. Some governments are put under pressure to impose taxes and tariffs on external goods and services to protect domestic businesses. This theme may include other processes such as immigration.

21
Q

government subsidies

A

– National governments may subsidise the cost of TNCs and local companies so that they will locate in certain places within the country.
– these can take several forms, such as tax incentives, tax exemptions, no customs duties, and no tariffs on input or export, all of which greatly reduce the cost for industries and increase profits– investment in infrastructure by local and national government also subsidises the costs for businesses

22
Q

what are SEZs

A

usually large areas of land reserved for economic purposes near major transport hub, especially seaport or airports. The national government exempts businesses within these zones from taxes.

Foreign transnational corporations are attracted to locate subsidiaries in EEZ boosting the local economy by employing people and providing them with skills, and making links with local businesses who gained knowledge of technology.

23
Q

why do some countries or regions have difficulty linking to globalisation?

A
24
Q

what is the global shift?

A

Europe (since the 1960s) and the USA (since the 2000s) have been in relative economic decline, while the far east and India have grown since 1990. This is due to:
– the main locations for manufacturing industry shifting to areas with resources and cheap labour
– outsourcing of service jobs to English-speaking emerging countries
– services centralising in world cities.

25
Q

what are the benefits and costs of global shift?

A
26
Q

what are the environmental problems in developing countries as a result of global shift?

A
27
Q

what are the social and environmental problems in developed countries?

A
28
Q

what is rural to urban migration and what does this lead to?

A

rural to urban migration is the movement of people to urban areas in search of a better life, this is often due to better job opportunities. This leads to the growth of megacities.

29
Q

what are push and pull factors?

A

things that cause people to leave a place or to go to a place. These can include:

– push out of rural areas – includes poverty in rural areas and lack of job opportunities, and lack of services such as education and healthcare.
– pull into urban areas – includes the opportunity to obtain a formal, better paid job, and better access to education and healthcare
– natural increase– megacities have also grown quickly because rural to urban migrants are mostly young adults who have families

30
Q

what are some social challenges resulting from rapid growth?

A
31
Q

what are some environmental challenges resulting from rapid growth?

A
32
Q

what is a global hub city?

A

An urban area with lots of connections to other world cores. Connections include Transport, communications, industrial and financial. Often the cities have a wide range of nationalities and ethnic groups.

33
Q

what does diaspora mean?

A

The spread of a people or culture from one country or region around the world

34
Q

what are the benefits and costs of international migration for host countries?

A
35
Q

how does cultural diffusion occur?

A

Norwegian experience of different cultures used to spread very slowly. Globalisation has increased contact between cultures, through international migration, news and media contact, the Internet, and trans international corporations introducing ‘western’ brands and culture into different countries.

36
Q

what is cultural erosion?

A

When the traditional aspects of a place is culture are replaced with western style traditions.

37
Q

attitudes towards globalisation

A
38
Q

how can you measure development?

A

there are various ways of measuring development; these may focus on economic, social and/or environmental factors. Many people prefer to consider quality of life or sustainability.

39
Q

what are some social measures of development?

A

HDI - combines economic and social factors (years of schooling and life expectancy)
GII (gender inequality index) - UN composite measure: examines the disparity between men and women by considering maternal mortality rates, females and education, and parliament, and participation in the workforce.

40
Q

what are some economic measures of development?

A
  • GDP (gross domestic product)
  • GNI (gross national income)
  • economic sector balance - as a country develops there will be an increase in secondary industries then the tertiary industry
41
Q

what are some environmental measures of development?

A
  • Global urban ambient air pollution
  • ecological footprint
42
Q

how has globalisation created winners and losers?

A
43
Q

what is censorship and why is it a control on globalisation?

A

when I spoke to globalisation is the flow of information and availability of big data. Sometimes this information is fake and sometimes the information contrast the ideologies of country, therefore a few governments have sought to control it such as China.

44
Q

what is trade protectionism?

A

One aspect of globalisation is free trade, but sometimes this leads to a lot of competition for industries within a country, resulting in fewer sales, closure and unemployment. A government may decide to protect some or all of its industries by imposing tariffs on imported goods that are in direct competition with national industries. This is often against World Trade Organisation rules and usually retaliatory tariffs on some of the countries export.

45
Q

what is localism?

A

a response to globalisation with the aim of increasing local sustainability.

46
Q

what are the benefits and costs of the localism process?

A
47
Q

what is fair trade?

A

– Search vacation shows products have been produced by small scale farms or businesses.
– producers receive a minimum fair price by operating as cooperative and selling directly to the processing point or retailer.
– workers rights are protected and no slave or child labourers used
– a fair trade premium is invested in local communities, improving healthcare and education and looking after the natural environment

48
Q

what is ethical consumption?

A

consumers can choose products and services that meet high Eco environmental standards at the point of production, such as:
– safe working conditions
– zero or limited pollution?
– sustainable farming
– sustainable use of resources
– sustainable forestry
– Animal welfare
Alternatively, consumers may choose to boycott products and services known to damage the environment or reduce quality of life

Human Geography (4 decks)

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