Regeneration Flashcards
define regeneration
long term upgrading of existing places or more drastic renewal schemes for rural ad urban areas
Give key functions of an area
Administrative, commercial, retail, industrial
What is the difference between reinventor cities and replicator cities?
A reinvent city changes its economic base successfully to higher paying sectors to attract graduate workers and new businesses. A replicator city has been slow to change its economic base and as a result, has a higher share of workers with low level qualifications.
What is a commuter village?
Places where a proportion of their population regularly commute to larger settlements nearby for work.
What are issues with commuter villages?
They need fewer services which could see loss of schools, shops or services that local communities rely on.
How can gender affect levels of engagement?
Negative- women feel less able to go to certain spaces alone even if there are increased levels of equality.
Why is San Francisco seen as an unsuccessful area?
Huge growth and success has had negative impacts. House prices have increased which have made homes unaffordable for local people. There has also been a divide between highly skilled workers coming in and locals who are displaced to build homes for the newcomers.
What are the key job sectors?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary.
Nine Elms
-regeneration project in London that involved the regeneration of new flats with a sky pool.
-however, it was only aimed at celebrities/people with power and not at general members of the public- people who were able to afford to live there were not allowed access to the pool and neglected when they asked for help when apartments had issues.
-suggests that regeneration may not always be successful.
changes in characteristics and functions
places may be associated with a particular function and will have distinct characteristics but these will change over time.
gentrification
renewal, renovation or rebuilding of older and deteriorating building sin order to create more up-market places for middle-class residents to live, often displacing poorer residents.
studentification
students cluster in certain areas of larger towns and cities in places offering higher education provision
what makes an area successful?
-new industry enters an area
- more jobs are created which increases immigration into the area-population rises
-industry also attracts supporting companies/linked industries-more job opportunities
-as population grows, so does the demand for services
-local wealth improves and so more investment is made
san fransisco
perceived to be successful by most people-but is it?
the increase in house prices and cost of living has made it unattainable for many people to live there-pushed people out of the area.
spiral of decline
-large amount of problems-regeneration needed
-new investors are put off the place, building and house prices decline
-poorest sectors of society left behind, unemployment and limited aspirations, lifestyle and attachment with place
-obsolescence of buildings and land, dereliction
-less money spent in local economy; shops and services close
-unemployment: wealthier, younger people move away
-linked industries close
-catalyst for change: decline in manufacturing due to deindustrialisation and decentralisation
middlesbrough
-struggled with the consequences of deindustrialisation since the 1980s
-20,000 people have left the town since 1990
-local unemployment rate is almost twice the national average (13%) and in 30% of the towns working-age households, there is nobody in paid employment
-life expectancy is lower than the rest of the UK.
-the built environment has had significant impacts; whole streets of terraced houses are boarded up.
-these have put people off buying homes, and have therefore moved elsewhere
Cornwall
-ageing population
-isolated
-no motorways
-rail network is slow
-young people leave for university or work elsewhere
-lowest mean weekly income in the UK (average wages were £14,300 compared to £23,000 in the UK)
-much of the industry is ‘old economy’; primary industries of fishing, farming and mining have declined.
-rural areas are less productive than before- regeneration is harder than in urban areas.
-lack of rural investment- leads to lack of opportunity and high end investment.
measuring engagement
-age
-length of residency
-level of deprivation
-ethnicity
-gender
Regeneration in Tottenham
-Haringey experienced continual economic decline since 1970s-highest unemployment in the city
-gang culture
-varying ideas about success of regeneration
-rebuilding of Peacock Industrial Estate- created 5000 new jobs but required the temporary/permanent closure of small businesses.
-Haringey Council has arranged a planning and design consultancy to build two housing zones with 10,000 new houses near Tottenham Hale station.
-New Houses are expensive- local residents may potentially lose to gentrification which suggests that regeneration is not always successful.
need for regeneration
-environmental; derelict land, closed shops, boarded-up buildings, graffiti, pollution, lack of green space, transport provision.
-economic; types of employment, unemployment, business rates, property values.
-social; ethnicity, access to education, access to healthcare, educational achievement, community facilities.
representations of places
-photography
-artwork
-music
-poetry
Glasgow-commonwealth games
-hosted 2014 Commonwealth Games
-created more than 5,000 jobs ad apprenticeships.
-88% of Glaswegians believe that the Commonwealth Games have had a positive impact on their city
-Cant solve economic problems, but will contribute to the economic and social growth of the city.
Glasgow-Miles Better
-during the 1970s, the population of Glasgow had declined by 20%
-Mr Happy became an honorary Glaswegian and the campaign was so successful that it was launched nationwide in 1984
-changed the media’s perception of the city-made economic decisions based on that which led to investment and employment. turned the economy around.
Glasgow-Scotland with Style
-aims to create 1,000 jobs and attract £42 million of investment in economy over two years.
-Five Glaswegians chosen to represent the face of the city during the marketing drive
-creating wealth they need to make Glasgow a better place.
rebranding
marketing strategy in which a new name, term, symbol design or combination of these is created for an established brand/place with the intention of developing a new, differentiated identity in the minds of consumers, investors, competitors, and other stakeholders
re-imaging
when an area is ‘sold’ or ‘advertised’ with new packaging to change the impression investors have of the area and to attract people to it.
Rural rebranding-Kielder
-population of 218 people
-economy was previously based on sheep farming and forestry
-no current rail links
-man-made forest- provides activities for members of the public
-construction of dam/reservoir- created activities that encouraged a growth in the economy
NPPF
-delivering a sufficient supply of homes
-ensuring vitality of town centres
-achieving well-designed places
-making effective use of land
-protecting green-belt land
-building a strong, competitive economy
-promoting healthy and safe communities
-conserving and enhancing the historic environment
-supporting high-quality communications
-promoting sustainable transport
the UK housing crisis
-not enough homes to meet the needs of a growing population
-300,000 homes need to be built a year to keep up with the demand
-government is providing more building land, tax incentives.
HS2
-proposed high-speed railway project that creates a rail link between London and major cities in the North like Manchester and Leeds
-enhances rail capacity, increases tourism and economic activity
-HS2 connects areas that were previously isolated
-36,000 jobs created for Curzon Street station alone
- however, there have been updates to the railway that stop it at Birmingham; disregards the aims of the project completely as it doesn’t link London to the North of England.
Heathrow expansion
-building of a third runway and sixth terminal at Heathrow Airport
-diverting rivers, moving roads and redirecting the M25 into a new tunnel under the third runway
-demolishes the entire village of Longford- people in this village will have to move as a result
-creates new jobs
-more money for airlines as they can provide more flights for places further away
-more money for Heathrow- can provide more flights
Cambridge Science Park
-expansion in the early 2000s has attracted foreign TNCs (AstraZeneca, Toshiba and Microsoft).
-creates a large enconomy for Cambridge through foreign TNCs-reflected in competition with Oxford. Oxford Science Park has allowed for investments in the town centre for regeneration.
Aylesbury
-Waterside redevelopment project-regeneration scheme to replace Bucks Herald Printing Press former police stations.
-construction of Waterside Theatre
-Bucks New University
-new restaurants have moved to the development
-proposed demolition of the towns historic buildings.
primary sector
extract, process and produce new materials and basic foods from the earth.
secondary sector
manufacture, process and construct finish goods by transforming raw materials.
tertiary sector
services for the general population and business to acquire and use finished goods.
quaternary sector
knowledge and skills for complex processing and handling of information and technology
quinary sector
high-level economic and social decision making through responsible institutions.
pre-industrial stage (clark-fisher model)
majority of population work in primary sector. small percentage in secondary industry. due to lack of infrastructure or investment.
industrial stage (clark-fisher model)
proportion of employees in primary sector declines as land changes to manufacturing and imports are more flexible. rural-urban migration occurs.
post-industrial stage (clark-fisher model)
proportion of employees in primary sector significantly declines. secondary jobs also decline slowly. increase in quaternary and tertiary as demand for entertainment and tech increases.
function
reason, job or purpose for being there. it is the role a place plays.
characteristics
physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another.
