Human Rights

Question 1

8A.6. Post-Colonial State

Answer 1

a state that has been subject to rule by a colonial power.

Question 2

8A.6. why has colonisation caused inequality?

Answer 2

• enforcement of religion and language
• exploited workforce/local people
  -race/ethnicity- seen as inferior to the coloniser
  -laws created to directly benefit the coloniser.

Question 3

8A.6 how did colonial powers leaving cause inequality?

Answer 3

-lack of adequate replacement authority
-conflict within the country- creation of borders ignoring religious and ethnic groups
- indigenous people are often excluded from government which led to inexperience on how to run a country.
-insurgent groups were able to gain a platform in the chaos after colonial powers left.

Question 4

8A.6. Rwanda-basic info

Answer 4

-Became a German colony in 1884 and after the German defeat in WW1, Rwanda became a mandated territory under Belgian control.

Question 5

8A.6. Rwanda natives

Answer 5

• the native people are three distinct sub-groups within the Banyarwanda:
  -Hutu= 84% of population
  -Tutsi= 15%
  -Taw=1%

Question 6

8A.6. Rwandan independence

Answer 6

-Rwanda was a unified state that was largely controlled by the minority Tutsi whilst Hutu were treated as second class citizens.
- Since independence, Hutu have struggled for supremacy and converted superiority in numbers into power.
- 30 years of tension:
-Hutu decided to eliminate the Tutsi in April 1994
-Many Tutsi fled to neighbouring countries
-

Question 7

Niger Delta

Answer 7

this region in Niger had experienced severe oil spills into its oceans and villages from Shell oil company. as a result of this, they received £55 million in compensation from Shell for the 15,600 people in the village. However, they chose to split it amongst residents for their own development instead of the government abusing the money. By splitting it amongst residents, they ran out of money and all of the developments were incomplete. similar circumstances occurred in a neighbouring village in which they learned from this and money was split effectively.

Question 8

Iraq (2003)

Answer 8

1990-91 invasion of southern Iraq by US-led forces after retaking Kuwait, which Iraq had invaded
2003 invasion by a US-led Western coalition to overthrow President Saddam Hussein ended in 2011
Since 2014 there has been a civil war in Iraq

Question 9

non-military interventions

Answer 9

Côte d’Ivoire: France intervened in the 2011 Second Ivorian Civil War, in order to end a brutal conflict between military supporters of Alassane Ouattara (the democratically elected president) and Laurent Gbagbo (loser of the 2010 presidential election). French special forces helped to arrest Gbagbo and restore Outtara to power. Subsequently, Cote d’Ivoire has been relatively stable and Ouattara was re-elected president in 2015.

Question 10

yemen protest (2011)

Answer 10

There was a revolution against President Abdullah Saleh which involved secular and Islamist opposition groups. The original protests were against unemployment, economic conditions, and corruption as well as the government’s proposals to modify the Yemen constitution.
The United Nations provided support for the negotiations between the Government and the opposition, resulting in the signing of the Gulf Cooperation Council Initiative.
Saudi Arabia provided financial aid to Yemen until late 2014 until it was suspended. The suspension of this aid was due to the Houthis’ takeover of Sana’a and its influence of the Yemeni government.

Question 11

Responsibility To Protect

Answer 11

The responsibility to protect principles believes the primary responsibility for the safety of citizens lives with individual states.
2001 – in response to the Rwandan genocide and other massacres as the UN didn’t get involved when they should have and had the right to. Countries now have a framework to follow of what to do if this situation was to ever occur again
R2P was used in Libya in 2011 to depose the government of Muammar Gaddafi

Question 12

Afghanistan (2001)

Answer 12

• 2001 – military coalition led by the USA entered Afghanistan. Plight of women one of their justifications.
• Taliban ousted and women’s rights gradually restored.
• After the gradual withdrawal of troops, the Taliban and other insurgent groups now control the country and women’s rights are now removed. Women are routinely discriminated against, abused and persecuted.