Globalisation Flashcards
Define globalisation
The widening and deepening of global connections, interdependence and flows (commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourists)
What are the five types of globalisation?
Economic, cultural, environmental, demographic, political.
What 3 changes happened during the 19th century that helped to accelerate globalisation?
Development of Telegraph, Railways and Steam Ships.
Define deindustrialisation
The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries.
Give pull factors for moving to an urban area
Job opportunities, access to services, better quality of life.
Why do elite migrants move to London?
Allows Russian elite access to global financial markets
What is meant by a global culture?
A group of shared cultural traits held in common by the global society.
Give physical reasons as to why some countries remain switched off.
High vulnerability to climate change, landlocked, poor resources for agriculture, lack of natural resources to help initially develop.
economic globalisation
the growth of TNCs, the spreading of investment, rapid growth in world trade
Cultural globalisation
people around the world using/having increasingly similar food, clothes, music, values; often ‘western’ in origin
political globalisation
the spread of ideologies, global organisations and the view of western democracies
environmental globalisation
the impact of pollution from one country to another, global warming seen as a global threat, international climate change agreements
demographic globalisation
increase in migration and tourism creating fluid an mixed populations
Why did globalisation accelerate in the 19th and 20th century?
developments in transport and trade like railways, telegraph, steam ships (19th) and jet aircraft, containerisation (20th) which has contributed to a ‘shrinking world’.
time-space compression
the reduction in the amount of time it takes to travel across the globe through the development in transport and IT. heightened connectivity and new inventions, different places feel closer together than in the past and take less time to reach.
what are tariffs?
fees paid on imported goods
what are quotas?
restrictions on the number of goods imported into a country
what are subsidies?
grants given to domestic industries to help them compete with foreign producers
what is FDI?
Foreign Direct Investment-controlling ownership in a business enterprise in one country by a company or organisation in another country. The WTO/IMF/World Bank support this, whilst governments must make it legal for foreigners to own and control businesses and property in their country.
Trade Blocs
voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes where barriers to trade are reduced.
free-market liberalisation
reducing and removing rules restricting economic activity and companies
privatisation
transferring ownership of a business, agency, service or property from the public sector to the private sector
What is an SEZ?
Special Economic Zone- an industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties with different regulations to other regions in the same country.
What was China’s Open-Door policy?
Introduced in 1978 to encourage foreign businesses to set up in China.
What is A.T. Kearney?
A system that provides a comprehensive ranking of the 130 leading global cities of the world. it measures the current performance and future potential of cities.
What is a TNC?
Transnational Corporation- A very large business with factories and other operations in more than one country around the world.
what is outsourcing?
a firm contracts with another company to obtain goods and services from it
what is offshoring?
moving part of a company’s own production process to another country,
What was the global economic shift?
international relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing/the changing location of production.
where did the global shift happen?
to less developed parts of the world, predominantly Asia
why did the global shift happen?
cheaper labour and large working population, enabling lower production costs
when did the global shift happen?
the latter part of the 20th century
who was involved in the global shift?
production outsourced from more developed parts of the world like Europe and the USA to less developed parts of the world, mainly Asia
what is the Rust Belt?
a region in the northeastern US that has experienced industrial decline
internal migrant
someone who moves from place to place inside the borders of a country
economic migrant
a migrant who’s primary motivation is to seek employment
refugee
people who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution
intervening obstacles
barriers to a migrant such as a political border or physical feature
centripetal migration
movement of people directly towards the centre of urban areas.
what is a culture?
a shared meaning by a group of people that has an influence on the way they live their lives and interpret the world around them.
what are cultural traits?
components of a culture-individual factors contributing to somebody’s culture e.g. language, food, traditions, religion, clothing, values
what is a global culture?
a group of shared cultural traits held in common by the global society
what is cultural diffusion?
the impact of globalisation on cultural exchange-cultures are interdependent and influence each other through the increased flows of people, commodities, information, capital
what is Americanisation?
the cultural influence of the USA on other places
what is Westernisation?
the joint cultural influence of the USA and Europe on other places
what is cultural imperialism?
the practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another. this is usually from a more powerful to a less powerful nation
what is cultural erosion?
the loss of language, tradition and social relations because people are no longer restricted to developing an identity based upon the place they live.
migrant diasporas
open borders, deregulation and FDI have created culturally mixed societies. This has led to mixed reactions, with some areas welcoming and benefiting from the change and others actively trying to prevent it.
todmorden-transition town
-their project focused on encouraging residents to grow their own food and share it with neighbours to raise awareness about sustainable living practices.
-localism: belief that services should be controlled and provided, or goods produced and bought within a local area to benefit the people in that area and the environment.
-transition towns: a local community that prepares for climate change and a warming world by reducing their dependence on fossil fuels through re-localising and shifting production closer to home.
-weaknesses: only has a small benefit to the environment, bigger towns find it harder to locally source food, maintaining gardens and public spaces is expensive.
Bristol Pound
-form of local currency launched in Bristol in September 2012
- encouraging people to spend their money locally.
-however, it was too expensive to run and didn’t actually have many benefits to the local economy
glocalisation
the process of adapting brands and products to suit the local market conditions e.g. McDonalds has vegetarian outlets in parts of India to suit hindu culture.
fairtrade
-addresses the injustice of conventional trade that traditionally exploits workers and producers in low income countries
-patagonia is a Fairtrade brand that provide over 300 Fairtrade certified styes, making up 30% of the product line.
-fairtrade farmers and factories need to ensure no child labour, minimum living wages, reasonable working hours, benefits and regular health and safety checks, minimal environmental damage.
-Premium Pay is part of the scheme that is an extra payment on top of the cost of the item that goes directly to workers without the interception of managers.
-however, there are concerns that Fairtrade has become too accommodating towards the large corporations that it was set up to challenge. many faitrade products are grown on plantations that aren’t paying living wage, studies have been done that found many workers profiles in Uganda and Ethiopia fell short of the promise Fairtrade said they would deliver like earning decent wages and child labour.
flint, michigan
-experienced impacts of the global shift
-much of its industrialisation occurred during WWII; car manufacturing and production
-in 1980, large deindustrialisation where the motor industry moved out of Flint- became part of the Rust Belt
-led to high unemployment in the area and depopulation.
elite migration
-oligarchs are affluent individuals who invest in businesses in other countries to gain greater political power
-they gain Russian elite access to global financial markets
resource nationalism
when state governments take measures ensuring domestic industries and consumers have priority access to the national resources found within their borders
L’Exception Culturelle
-state policy to promote French culture
-keeps a French identity and prevents people from accessing outside information (French films)
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
channel loans from rich nations to countries that apply for help
-tncs can enter countries easily
-can help developing countries with their economy, leading to better communication, goods etc
world bank
-lend money on a global scale
-gives direct grants to developing countries; in 2014, help was given to the DRC to kick-start a stalled mega-dam project
WTO (world trade organisation)
-advocates for trade liberalisation and asks countries to abandon protectionist attitude in favour of trade.
