Regenerating places case studies Flashcards
1
Q
How many people work in the UK?
A
In 2022, 32.8 million people were in work.
76% of the population was employed
2
Q
How many people in the UK were in full time employment?
A
18.4 million
3
Q
How many people worked part time in the UK?
A
9 million
4
Q
What are the inequalities in pay in the UK?
A
- Richest 1% received 13% of all income
- Bottom 10% earn under £288 per week
5
Q
Describe the original East End docks:
A
- Until the early 1970’s, they were the UK’s largest docks
- Living close by were dockworkers and their families
- They were poorly paid and much of their housing was social housing rented from local councils
- The last of these original docks closed in 1981
6
Q
Why did the East End docks decline?
A
- The development of container ships, as the Thames wasn’t deep enough close to central London to accommodate them
- The dock facilities had to shift further and further downstream
7
Q
How many jobs were lost in the East End after the closure of the docks?
A
- Between 1978 and 1983, over 12,000 jobs were lost.
- In the 1981 Census, over 60% of adult men were unemployed in some parts of East London
8
Q
What were the impacts of the East End docks closing?
A
- Job loss
- Not a good look for London, as the riverside downstream from Tower Bridge consisted of abandoned docks and derelict wharves
- Nearby industries in East London’s Lea Valley also closes because they needed the port to import raw materials and export finished products
- Population of the area declined as people left to find work
9
Q
Who were the key players in the regeneration of the London Docklands?
A
- Property owners keen to purchase newly privatised land
- Architects
- Construction companies
- Investors
10
Q
What process did London Docklands undergo?
A
Market-led regeneration
- Leaving the private sector to make decisions about the future of Docklands
11
Q
What two big changes occurred surrounding housing in the Docklands?
A
Before regeneration, most housing in Docklands was rented from local councils at low-cost
- In the 1980’s, the government introduced the Right to Buy scheme, which gave those living in council housing the right to buy it at a reduced price
- Increased private housing, particularly in riverside locations- this led to gentrification
12
Q
Describe economic growth in the Docklands:
A
- The LDDC’s flagship produt was Canary Wharf, now London’s second CBD
- High rise office buildings replaced docks and industries, creating high-earning jobs
- Every day, 100 000 commuters travel there, employment has grown and the East End is no longer one of the UK’s most deprived areas
13
Q
Describe development of infrastructure in the Docklands:
A
- Extension of the Jubilee line
- DLR created
- New roads created, such as the Limehouse Road Link
- London City Airport created, giving access to the City and Canary Wharf for business users
- Crossrail linking East London with West London and Heathrow
14
Q
Describe changes in population in the Docklands:
A
- many older people have moved out- often retiring to the Essex coast
- Older residents have been replaced by a much younger generation
- Recent large scale immigration has increased the diversity- Newham is London’s most ethnically diverse borough.
15
Q
Describe the history of Greenwich:
A
- In 1800, the Greenwich Peninsula was still a rural area, where about 500 people lived. Some of these people grew vegetables to sell in London
- By 1860, there was a wider range of industries in Greenwich, such as factories to make rop, chemicals, soap, ammunition and ice, and shipyards to make ships
- In 1889, a huge gas works opened, making gas from coal
16
Q
Describe the decline of the Greenwich peninsula:
A
- Much of the area eventually became derelict as the industries gradually shut down.
- The gas works closed in 1985 because of a move to North Sea gas
- 10,000 jobs were lost immediately after the decline, and the remaining population became isolated among derelict land and buildings
17
Q
Describe the regeneration scheme in Greenwich:
A
- Work began in 1997, and planned to provide 13,000 new homes, as well as offices, shops, hotels, cinemas, restaurants, a health centre and two schools
- There will also be parks, walking trails and bike tracks created
- By the end of the redevelopment project, its hoped that there will be 30,000 jobs on the Peninsula
18
Q
Describe projects that occurred during Greenwich’s regeneration:
A
- The re-designation of Greenwich Town centre as a World Heritage Site
- Renovation of the Cutty Sark
- Major new transport infrastructure such as the DLR
19
Q
Who were the key players in Greenwich’s regeneration?
A
- English Partnership had overall responsibility and invested £200 million
- Greenwich’s local council- delivered internationally renowned, high quality schemes that provided benefits to residents and investment to all parts of the borough
20
Q
Evidence of success in Greenwich’s regeneration?
A
- Only 1.8% of Greenwich’s population is unemployed due to 1000s of new jobs
- Greenwich experienced an unprecedented programme of renewal and regeneration over the past 30 years
- People of working age make up over 70% of the population
21
Q
How much of the UK will be at risk of flooding in 2080?
A
- 1,600km of major roads, 650km of railway line and 92 stations in the UK will be at risk of persistent flooding and/or being submerged
22
Q
What is Poundbury?
A
- An experimental new town or urban extension on the outskirts of Dorchester in Dorset
23
Q
Describe Poundbury:
A
- Designed as a project to ‘bring back traditionalist architecture’ by the Prince of Wales
- It took 30 years to build
- The average house price is £750,000
24
Q
What are some examples of regeneration strategies in the UK?
A
Construction of infrastructure e.g HS2, Heathrow Expansion
Retail-led regeneration
Marketing heritage and culture, such as events like Glastonbury for music, multi-ethnic festivals like Notting Hill Carnival
Construction of housing and the development of new settlements e.g Milton Keynes
Sustainable communities e.g BedZED
25
Why did the Greenwich Millenium village need regenerating?
- The village was built on London's old Docklands
- This was a brownfield site that needed redevelopment as the Docklands were an area in decline.
26
What services have been created in the Greenwich Millenium village?
An eco-friendly supermarket
New community and leisure facilities
New pedestrian and cycle routes
Ecology park
27
Describe the sustainability of houses in Greenwich Millenium village:
- Homes are using 80% less energy and 30% less water. This is done by producing power locally and combining this with a combined heat and power system, lowering the carbon footprint.
- Buildings are made from sustainable materials, e.g cedar wood from sustainable forests
- Homes are designed to take advantage of the sunlight by being south-facing
28
Describe transport sustainability in Greenwich Millenium village:
- Land use is mixed (schools, shops and businesses are all in the one area). This is designed to limit travel and pollution and encourage people to use local shops and services
- The cycle ways and nearby rail links discourage people from using their cars
29
Where is the Greenwich ecology park built?
- On the Greenwich peninsula, 1km downstream of the 02 arena
- It was built on a brownfield site, which was an old steel works
30
Who built the Greenwich ecology park?
English Partnerships and a Government regeneration agency
31
When was the ecology park opened to the public, and by whom?
- Opened in early 2002 by the Trust for Urban Ecology
32
What are the successes of the Greenwich ecology park?
- It has become a haven for wildlife
- high biodiversity
- Phytoremediation- roots of plants have taken up pollutants such as silver, mercury and zinc and removed them from soil and wter
33
What are the failures of the Greenwich ecology park?
- It could do more to attract a wider cross section of society to make use of it.
- It is very small so can only have a local scale impact.
34
Who invested in the GMV and what were its aims?
- English Partnerships invested £200 million
- Its aim was to create a self contained, sustainable neighbourhood
35
Downsides of the regeneration of the London docklands?
- Locals didn't have any say in the development of the docklands
- Jobs created in the docklands weren't appropriate for the residents
- Richer residents pushed out original residents- gentrification
36
What has the Eden project achieved?
Attracted visitors from all over the world
Helped to rejuvenate the economy of one of the poorest regions in Europe
Combines a serious message of sustainability with an entertaining experience that appeals to people of all ages
37
Describe Cornwall:
- 100 mile long peninsula making up much of the southern-most part of the British isles
- The warming effect of the Gulf Stream allows sub-tropical vegetation to flourish there
- Cornwall has been popular as a holiday destination for many years.
- However, seasonal benefits of tourism haven't been enough to support the economy, and the region has been in decline for a long time.
- Agriculture and mining are the other principal sources of work in the region but these industries are dwindling
38
What is the Eden Project?
A visitor attraction featuring biomes home to thousands of plant species, located in a reclaimed china pit.
39
What challenges did the Eden project face?
Construction
Access
40
Describe difficulties in construction at the Eden Project?
- Building Eden in a disused quarry was an effective way to 'recycle' the landscape, but it posed a big challenge for architects and engineers
- The quarry had to be drained and sculpted, vast car parks had to be built, and thousands of plant species had to be imported from across the world
41
Describe difficulties in accessibility at the Eden Project?
- Cornwall is largely rural and has relatively few railway stations.
- Much of the Cornish road network is already stretched to capacity, particularly during summer
- This meant there were difficulties getting people to the site, and there have been massive increases in traffic congestion since Eden opened
42
What percent of people access Eden by car?
82%
43
How is the number of people accessing Eden by car trying to be decreased?
- Plans for a bypass costing £30 million were announced by the government in 2003
- The 'Eden Branchline' bus service was first established in 2001 to better connect local railway statins to the site
44
How did Cornwall benefit from Eden when it opened?
The local economy benefited from more than £155 million during 2003
In the three months after it opened, more than 750,000 people visited
It became the third most visited paid-for attraction in the UK
45
Who invested in the Eden Project?
Millenium Commission
English Partnerships
European Regional Development Fund
- Between them, they donated nearly £50 milion
46
Why did Stratford experience decline?
- Deindustrialisation of the London Docks
- One of the most deprived communities in the country
47
Why did Stratford need regenerating?
- Unemployment was high, health levels were poor
- It lacked proper infrastructure and environmental quality was poor
- Unemployment rates at 7.8% versus London's 4.5%
- Family income of £28,948 was lower than London's £32,073
48
Who were the players and stakeholders in Stratford's regeneration?
Government
Local council
Business owners
Community
Investors
Employers
Customers
49
How was Stratford rebranded?
- Building of homes within easy reach of schools, parks and public transport
- Olympic Park Site
- Lea Valley's polluted waterways were cleaned and new wildlife habitats created
- Establishment of Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
- Shopping centres such as Westfield created
50
Impact of 2012 Olympics on Stratford?
£12 billion investment
8000 new homes
12 new schools
5 new neighbourhoods
Canals and public spaces cleared up
Construction employed 8000
51
Impacts of Westfield Shopping Centre on Stratford?
10,000 jobs created
Big fashion brands created tourism
Small businesses suffered
52
Evidence of success in Stratford regeneration?
- More than £9 billion of investment was brought to East London
- Lloyds Bank estimated that the Olympics generated £10 billion in extra income
- Construction of buildings created 1500 jobs, with at last 30% of that workforce being local residents
53
Ways of measuring change in Stratford?
Social
- By 2036, more than 33,000 new homes will have been built in the park
- A new academy was built
Environmental
- The park is sustainable: protection of green spaces, water-efficient homes etc.
Economic
- Stratford now well-connected, new jobs created a multiplier effect
54
What is Stratford's regeneration legacy?
- Stratford is now the 2nd most connected part of London due to its improved infrastructure
- All the Olympic venues have been sold, providing extra income
55
Describe Newcastle's industrial decline:
- The city's last coal pit closed in 1956
- This was followed by the slow demise of the shipyards on the bank of the river Tyne in the 70s, 80s and 90s.
56
Describe Newcastle's industrial history:
- Riverside areas of Newcastle upon Tyne were responsible for the city's growth and wealth during the industrial revolution.
- Industries such as the Armstrong armaments works and ship building employed tens of thousands from riverside communities
57
Why did Newcastle's industries experience decline?
- Overseas competition in the 60s, 70s and 80s led to the decline and closure of these industries
58
What was the impact of Newcastle's declining industries?
- Manufacturing employment fell nationally by nearly 20% in the 60s and collapsed by 35% in the 70s- more than 1.6 million jobs lost altogether
- During the last two years of the 70s, almost 1500 jobs were lost from the eleven biggest local employers.
- This led to population losses in many industrial parts of Newcastle, whilst surround suburbs and satellite towns (e.g Whitley Bay and Carmlington New Town) gained in population
- The innercity and CBD starter to come under pressure from other forms of retailing.
59
What type of regeneration did Newcastle undergo?
Property led regeneration
60
Who regenerated Newcastle?
- The TWDC
- An urban development corporation (UDC) set up by the UK government
61
What are UDCs?
- Property-led regeneration, which is run by an executive board and is given money by a central government
- Their aim is always to improve the area in such a way that businesses will see it as a good business opportunity
62
What were the TWDCs aims in Newcastle?
1. Create new business districts, modern offices and industrial estates
2. Increasing employment through grants and training
3. Reviving riversides as a place to live
4. Improving environment and landscaping
63
When did TWDC start regenerating, and what land did it change?
- Set up in 1987
- Its area covered 26 miles of riverside along the Tyne and Wear rivers
- One-third of its are was derelict, polluted or under-used
64
What funding did Newcastle's regeneration have?
£430 million of government money
This attracted £1,114 million of private sector money
The government money went into funding improvements to infrastructures and public realm of areas, this then encouraged private firms to join in.
65
What were the TWDC's flagship projects in Newcastle?
Newcastle Business Park- £140 million development of offices on previous derelict land
Copthorne hotel- £30 million
Newcastle Arena- £2 million to transform 10 major historic buildings along the quayside
66
Who were the key players in Newcastle's regeneration?
TWDC- sustainable property developers: don't sell to investors, focus on community
Newcastle City Council- conservation of River Tyne
Discovery Museum- representing Newcastle history
Residents
Historic England- protects historic buildings including shipyards
Microbreweries and pubs
High Street Group
67
Evidence of success in Newcastle's regeneration?
- TWDC has transformed the Newcastle Quayside
- Activity across different areas covered- training, employment, social housing, environmental improvements, arts and cultural activites, and recreation and leisure facilities
- Helped to put 2000 local people into jobs in the Royal Quays Employment Office
- 25% of housing built was low-cost
68
Evidence of failure in Newcastle's regeneration?
- TWDC has been less successful at regenerating housing estates
- Many local communities had to be relocated to make way for the developments
- TWDC's focus on service sector, managerial posts and predominantly expensive housing has been criticised.
69
Evidence of failure in Greenwich regeneration?
- A lot of sustainability goals weren't fully met, or had to be altered, especially in the initial phases of construction
- Onsite non residential facilites that make the land use mixed were often developed after people had moved into housing- residents may already have established car-oriented habits
- Separation of social and private housing- pockets of wealth and deprivation
