Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography Paper 2 > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What factors cause accelerating globalisation?

A

Economic
Political
Migration
Cultural
Flow of commodities
Technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do economic factors accelerate globalisation?

A
  • Volume and influence of TNC’s has increased
  • Online purchasing between countries is more common
  • Stocks are traded across countries, and countries invest in each other (FDI). Some financial businesses trade large amounts of currencies in order to make profit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the IMF’s definition of globalisation?

A

The increasing integration of economies around the world , particularly through the movement of goods, services and capital across borders.
There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do political factors accelerate globalisation?

A
  • Trade Blocs (NAFTA and EU) have become more influential and have reduced tariffs and other protectionist measures
  • IGO’s (e.g IMF, WTO, and the World Bank) work to harmonise economies whilst promoting democratic ideology
  • Political views and ideology are expressed in worldwide media outlets (e.g BBC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does migration accelerate globalisation?

A
  • International migration has led to extensive family networks across the globe, leading to the spread of culture and finance (through remittance)
  • International tourism has increased as more people can afford travel due to lower transport costs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How has culture accelerated globalisation?

A
  • Americanisation and Westernisation of (often developing) parts of the world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How has flow of commodities accelerated globalisation?

A
  • Goods can be easily imported, increasing countries’ interdependence on each other
  • Volume of manufactured goods has increased rapidly due to low cost countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How has technology accelerated globalisation?

A
  • Internet has allowed for rapid spread of ideas and information
  • Social networking sites have become very popular, and allow for spread of ideology, culture and opportunities for migration and tourism
  • Enormous server farms exist which store large amounts of data
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 types of globalisation?

A

Economic
Political
Social
Cultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of economic globalisation?

A
  • TNC’s trade products internationally and use international out sourcing and offshoring to lower costs
  • Industries moved to developing countries to save money on labour, bringing economic growth there
  • Trade blocs create economic integration between states and promote development
  • Global transactions of money
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of political globalisation?

A
  • Governments form connections to trade, such as trade deals and trade blocs
  • Western democracies especially have had a global influence on political ideas, such as development of market economies in previous soviet states
  • Deregulation policies (removing state regulations) allow markets to grow with an international reach
  • International organisations exist to harmonise national economies and political relations, e.g the UN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of cultural globalisation?

A
  • Exposure to media sources such as television and social media allow for recognition and understanding of other cultures
  • The ability to travel internationally allows people to experience other cultures
  • People have a greater awareness and understanding of world events due to education and news sources
  • Westernisation- domination of Western brands such as Starbucks across the world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of social globalisation?

A
  • International immigration is creating multicultural societies where people share and adopt cultures
  • Social networking has revolutionised human connections, as tech platforms enable interactions with people in different countries and access to international information
  • Global NGO’s and charities are involved in the global improvement of education and health, such as the World Health Organisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What has globalisation led to?

A
  • Lengthening of connections
  • Deepening connections into more aspects of life
  • Faster speeds of connection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of political interdependence?

A
  • International political issues require countries to work together, and issues raised must have a unanimous decision from the nations involved
  • Countries rely on other countries to intervene if there’s political unrest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s an example of interdependence when a country relied on others intervention due to political unrest?

A
  • Many nations intervened when there was Serbian state sponsored ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians
  • This eventually led to Kosovo’s independence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of economic interdependence?

A
  • Countries are dependent on the flow of labour, products and services entering the country in order for the economy to grow and for a country to develop.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of social interdependence?

A
  • Migration has caused social interdependence as there are diasporas all over the world that are dependent on the place they now live in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of environmental interdependence?

A
  • All nations are affected by other countries greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear waste emissions etc., meaning they all rely on each other to protect the environment
  • E.g the Nuclear fallout from Chernobyl in Ukraine reached the UK and France
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What transport and tech developments were there in the 19th and 20th centuries?

A

Steam power
Jet aircraft
Containerisation

Telegraph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe steam power:

A
  • Britain was leading in the 1800s in terms of steam technology
  • This allowed them to move their goods and armies very quickly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe telegraph:

A
  • First telegraph cables were laid across Atalantic in 1860s, which allowed for almost instantaneous communication and revolutionised how businesses operated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What transport and tech developments were there in the 21st century?

A

Telephones
Broadband and fibre optics
GPS
Internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the different flows in globalisation?

A

Capital
Labour
Products
Service
Information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe capital flow:

A
  • Movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade, or business production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe labour flow:

A
  • Movement of people to go and work in another country
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe product flow:

A
  • Flow of physical goods from one country to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe service flow:

A
  • Services are ‘footloose’ industries meaning they can locate anywhere without constraints from obstacles such as resources
  • Services flow as they can be produced in a different country to where they’re received (e.g call centres)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe information flow:

A
  • Any type of information can flow from one place to another via internet, phones, SMS etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the factors that cause a country to be detached?

A

Environmental
Political
Economic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the environmental reasons for countries being detached?

A
  • Landlocked countries cannot be independent in trade
  • Poor fertility of land, mountainous or arid conditions and limited land space can all reduce a country’s ability to produce a commodity for trade
  • Some countries are vulnerable to climate change, so the natural environment could change to unfavourable conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the political reasons for countries being detached?

A
  • The political agenda and governance of a country may limit flows of people or culture
  • Terrorism or active conflict within a region can be detrimental to their global connectivity
  • Government corruption results in money being wasted instead of invested
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some urban pull factors?

A

Employment opportunities
- wider range of jobs
- better availability
- higher wages

Availability of services
- more likely to be specialised facilities in cities

Infrastructure

Transport links
- faster and more reliable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some rural push factors?

A

Poverty
- due to few job opportunities

Conflict
- scarcity of resources can cause conflict

Land reform
- In some regions, locals can’t prove their ownership of the land, so it gets taken over by TNCs- this is common in native indigenous communities

Agricultural modernisation
- Machinery means less people are needed to work on farms

Climate and natural disasters
- drought or crop failures can cause migration to find food and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the challenges faced by growing cities?

A

Strain on services like education and healthcare

Overcrowding and the development of informal housing- slums and shanty towns

Rising crime rates

Poor sanitation due to open sewers

Lack of green space

High levels of congestion, which causes air pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who are the two types of international migrants?

A

Elite international migrants
Economic international migrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who are elite international migrants?

A
  • Generally skilled or very wealthy people, with the ability to move to global hubs such as London, Paris and New York
  • An example would be Russian Oligarchs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are Russian Oligarchs?

A

Extremely powerful and wealthy people in Russia, with social and political influence

Many gained their wealth rapidly during the 1990s when the Soviet Union collapsed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are economic international migrants?

A

Cities such as RIyadh, Dubai, New York and London attract workers who will work for very little and are skilled in a certain profession (often construction)

Economic migration can fill skill gaps and advance a country’s development

However, it can also lead to escalating urban populations and a rise in illegal migrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the benefits of migration for the host country?

A
  • Can help fill skills gaps
  • Working migrants contribute to the economy through paying taxes and buying goods and services
  • Increase in cultural and demographic diversity
  • Young migrants can help to balance an ageing population or increase a dwindling one
  • Businesses have a larger pool of potential customers or employers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the benefits of migration for the source country?

A
  • Migrants send back remittances which can aid in development and reduce poverty without government intervention
  • Migrants become skilled and can come back to set up their own businesses, encouraging local economic growth and employment opportunities
  • reduced service spending for the government as the population declines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the costs of migration for the host country?

A
  • Rise of far-right organisations, hate crimes and racial tensions IF there’s a lack of understanding between migrants and the original population
  • Could be strains on services
  • House price inflation due to higher demand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the costs of migration for the source country?

A
  • Brain drain due to skilled workers leaving
  • Migrants tend to be young, so elderly family are left behind and can become isolated
  • Decline in services due to low customer numbers, which can lead to the negative multiplier effect, in turn reducing other businesses and services
  • Agricultural land not take care of
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why might global flows be seen as a threat in some countries?

A

Importing raw materials and commodities could negatively impact domestic suppliers and industries

Migrants from abroad could create tensions as they may not be wanted

Foreign information could be seen as a threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are some examples of IGO’s?

A

IMF (International Monetary Fund)
WTO (World Trade Organisation)
The World Bank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the IMF’s main function?

A

To loan money to poorer developing nations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What conditions does the IMF have for its recipient nations?

A

That the country opens up its markets and industries from government control, which in turn leads to privatisation

  • TNC’s now have the opportunity to enter those markets more easily which would generate financial activity and tax, but mainly for their host country
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How can the IMF be seen as a hindrance?

A
  • LEDCs fall into debt with their industries privatised
  • This could lead to profits leaving their country and potential environmental or workforce exploitation
  • Countries which struggle to pay back their debts will have to cut back on key areas such as education and healthcare, which further damages the country’s economy and welfare
  • In order to get the loan, poorer countries often have to sign up to deals that aren’t fair for them
  • The voting system that sets out terms of agreement for the IMF is weighted based on which countries provide the most financial support- so countries like the USA have a much louder voice in terms of how deals are made
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does the World Bank do?

A
  • Loans money to developing nations with the aim of improving development, and therefore aiding globalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why can the World Bank be seen as controversial?

A
  • Some critics say it promotes LEDCs to increase their debts and limits the governments sovereignity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does the World Trade Organisation do?

A
  • Aims to liberalise trade by removing tariffs, subsidies and quotas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Why has the WTO been criticised, and what are its downsides?

A
  • It has failed to prevent the UK and USA from implementing protectionist measures like subsidies, so it has been unsuccessful in creating equal opportunities for all countries to trade
  • Regulations set by the WTO can sometimes encourage poor countries to specialise , when in reality, they need to diversify
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is Free Market Liberalisation and who is it associated with?

A

A governance model
Strongly associated with the policies implemented by Ronald Reagan in the US and Margaret Thatcher in the UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Explain the beliefs behind Free Market Liberalisation:

A
  • Government interventions in markets would hinder economic growth and development in the long term.
  • Its where you remove the influence of the state in the economy, and allow the markets to act more freely
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Give an example of free market liberalisation and its impact?

A
  • Banking and finance sectors were deregulated (remove government controls or rules) in the UK due to market liberalisation, which led to London becoming one of the worlds major financial centres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What happened to important assets in the UK in the 1980s?

A

Railways and utilities were originally run by the government

  • Thatcher privatised these state-owned industries; private companies bought and ran these services.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What were the impacts of privatisation in the UK?

A

Allowed the government at the time to raise a lot of money

Some critics believe that privatisation compromises the quality of services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How do governments attract businesses?

A

Incentives (grants, tax breaks, infrastructure constructed) are provided by governments to attract businesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the different kinds of FDI?

A

Offshoring
Foreign mergers
Foreign acquisitions
Transfer pricing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is offshoring?

A

TNCs set up production facilties in developing countries, which have large, cheap workforces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are foreign mergers?

A

TNCs from different countries join to form one larger company

61
Q

What are foreign acquisitions?

A

A TNC acquires another company from abroad, often in a hostile way (may involve local job loss, lack of interest in the local environment etc.)

62
Q

How can governments hinder or limit the effects of globalisation?

A

Censorship
Limiting migration
Trade protectionism

63
Q

What is censorship?

A
  • The Government restricts the flow of knowledge and information through state-controlled media outlets and internet restrictions
  • Censorship can be used to limit a population’s knowledge of foreign culture and ideas (such as democracy)
64
Q

How do countries limit migration?

A
  • Most have some sort of border control and migration monitoring
65
Q

What is trade protectionism?

A

Involves subsidies, tariffs and quotas which help a country to protect domestic industries

Restricting imports from other countries through above methods

66
Q

What are free trade blocs?

A

Governments may sign agreements with each other in order to reduce restrictions of the flow of capital and goods.

It may also encourage the flow of people, culture and knowledge

67
Q

What are the benefits of trade blocs?

A
  • Businesses have a larger potential market to sell to, and so larger potential revenue to make
  • As businesses cater for more demand by increasing their production volume, other businesses will benefit by providing raw materials, skilled workers or providing outsourcing opportunities
  • Trade of essential materials or services becomes more reliable in trade blocs. There may be less economic risk and better pathways for essential imports.
68
Q

What are the disadvantages of trade blocs?

A
  • Outside trading countries become excluded and find it very difficult to join in trading
  • Foreign industries and suppliers can be damaged as a result of competition or lack of opportunities due to trade blocs forming
  • Trade blocs still don’t guarantee fair treatment wihtin- for example the relationship between Mexico and the USA has not strengthened through the trade bloc NAFTA
69
Q

What restrictions are placed on imports and exports?

A

Tariffs
- A tax for importing and exporting goods

Non-tariff barriers
- Such as quotas (a fixed number of goods) or requirements

Outright bans
- On products or country imports/exports

70
Q

What are Trade Agreements and how are they fair?

A

Certain restrictions being removed or lessened in return for another country doing the same

All trade agreements are overlooked by the WTO to ensure they’re fair

71
Q

Whats an example of a trade agreement?

A

NAFTA
- North American Free Trade Agreement
-Lowered and removed taxes on imports and exports between Canada, the USA, and Mexico

72
Q

What is the KOF Index of Globalisation?

A

Measures globalisation of countries through political, social and economic indicators

73
Q

How is economic globalisation measured in the KOF Index?

A
  • Measured by the actual flows of trade, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, as well as the restrictions applying to these flows
74
Q

How is social globalisation measured in the KOF Index?

A
  • Expressed as the spread of ideas, information, images and people.
  • It is estimated by personal contact, information flows and cultural proximity.
75
Q

What is included in personal contact?

A

International telephone traffic

Transfers

Tourism

Foreign population

International letters

76
Q

What is included in information flows?

A

Internet users

Television ownership

Trade in newspapers

77
Q

What is included in cultural proximity?

A

Number of McDonald’s restaurants

Number of Ikea shops

Trade in books

78
Q

How is political globalisation measured in the KOF Index?

A
  • Characterised by the degree of political cooperation
  • It is measured by the number of embassies, membership of international organisations, participation in UN Security Council missions, and number of International Treaties signed
79
Q

What are the advantages of the KOF Index?

A

Changes in globalisation can be compared over a large number of countries and over more than 30 years

Available for 158 countries

Calculated on the basis of 24 variables

80
Q

What are the disadvantages of the KOF Index?

A

Results were sometimes driven by extreme outlying observations and missing values

Cultural globalisation mostly refers to the cultural domination of U.S Cultural products

Measures like International letters per capita are very dated, and most people now use technology instead

Anything to do with trade can be hard to measure because most countries don’t know the true size of their informal economy

Measuring foreign populations can be hard because of inaccurate record keeping and illegal immigrants

It’s hard to calculate the true number of internet users, as not everyone uses their own device

81
Q

What four categories does the T. Kearney index take into account?

A

Economic
Personal contact
Technological Connectivity
Political Engagement

82
Q

What is included in the T. Kearney Economic category?

A

Integration trade and Foreign Direct Investment

83
Q

What is included in the T. Kearney Personal Contact category?

A

Telephone traffic
Travel
Remittances and personal transfer

84
Q

What is included in the T. Kearney Technological Connectivity category?

A

Internet users
Internet hosts
Secure servers

85
Q

What is included in the T. Kearney Political Engagement category?

A

International Organisations
U.N Peacekeeping
Treaties
Government transfers

86
Q

How is the T. Kearney index calculated?

A
  • The lowest value is given a 0, the highest a 1
  • FDI, Internet and Telephone Traffic are all weighted double
  • All scores are then summarised
87
Q

What are the advantages of the T. Kearney Index?

A

It covers 96% of the worlds GDP

It covers 84% of the worlds population

Allows for comparisons between countries

Allows for comparisons over time

88
Q

What are the disadvantages of the T. Kearney Index?

A
  • Only 64 countries are included
  • Who decides the weightings?
  • How are cultural trends measured?
  • Small countries tend to take the top places in the index due to higher importance / proportion of FDI- therefore suggesting an overimportance of the size of a country
89
Q

What are simple measures?

A

Based upon one single factor, and are the most common statistical measures of wealth and productivity

90
Q

What are examples of simple measures of globalisation?

A

GNI
PPP
Income per Capita
GDP

91
Q

GNI?

A

Gross National Income
- Value of goods and services by a country
- Similar to GDP, but it also takes into account overseas spending

92
Q

PPP?

A

Purchasing Power Parity
- The expenditure (spending of money on something) of a country’s population
- Reflects the cost of living

93
Q

Income per capita?

A
  • Mean average income per person (income of the country by population size)
  • This average can easily hide inequality, the few high earners have a large influence of GDP than a majority of low earners
94
Q

GDP?

A

Gross Domestic Product
- Total value of goods and services produced in a country
- Using GDP as a single economic measure may be inaccurate as GDP doesn’t include any informal earnings or black market economies
- Measured in US Dollars, therefore can vary as exchange rates vary daily

95
Q

What are composite measures?

A

Consider a range of factors, therefore are more reliable statistical measures of development

96
Q

What are some composite measures?

A

Economic Sector Balance
GII
HDI

97
Q

What is the Economic Sector Balance?

A
  • Considers all four main economic sectors- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quarternary
  • Describes the composition of a country’s industry (often displayed as a bar chart)
  • As a country develops, primary industries usually decline and their earnings reduce whilst secondary and tertiary become more important (according to the Clarke-Fisher model)
98
Q

What is GII?

A

Gender Inequality Index
- Measures female participation and treatment within society and considers:

Reproductive health
- maternal mortality ratio
- adolescent birth rates

Empowerment
- proportion of parliamentary seats held by women

Employment
- labour force participation rates of women

99
Q

HDI?

A

Human Development Index
- Measure of social development that considers:

Life expectancy
Wealth (GDP per Capita)
Education (Literacy levels and average number of years in education)

100
Q

What do TNC’s do?

A
  • Provide raw products, manufactured goods, services or information- they exist in different industries
  • Make products, produce jobs, invest in countries, and sometimes contribute to cultures.
  • Some TNC’s can have political influence (e.g the pressuring of countries to reduce taxes and create SEZs so that the TNC will invest there)
101
Q

TNCs economic activity?

A

In 2016, the top 200 TNCs accounted for 25% of the worlds economic activity but employed only 1% of the world’s population

102
Q

What do TNCs create between other countries?

A

Links
- Linkages are created in order to benefit the TNC and often includes expanding the company

103
Q

What type of links can TNCs create?

A

Links through Integration
- Horizontal Integration
- Vertical Integration

Links through FDI

104
Q

Explain TNCs links through FDI:

A
  • TNCs create links with other countries by investing in them, which benefits the country as it creates jobs and contributes to the economy.
  • TNCs can be investments into a factory, but they may also take the form of mergers and acquisitions
105
Q

Explain TNCs links through integration:

A
  • TNCs often expand their company by creating links with other companies

Horizontal Integration
- Taking ownership of part of the supply chain, e.g buying a plantation

Vertical Integration
- Taking ownership of another company, often one that is in a similar industry
- The food industry is a prime example of vertical integration- a lot of large companies control the majority of small countries

106
Q

What is outsourcing?

A
  • TNCs that provide tertiary industry products (services) will often outsource tasks to other companies in order to save money and time
  • TNCs like Apple outsource their manufacturing processes so that profits can be maximised
107
Q

What is offshoring?

A
  • Companies that make manufactured products will often have their factories in LICs due to lower labour costs, better taxes, weaker regulations for workers and weaker environmental regulations
  • This leads to much dispute about the ethical issues with TNCs exploiting poorer citizens in order to maximise profit
108
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

The adaption of goods or services by a TNC to meet local needs or tastes, which would increase custom within a certain region

109
Q

What are some examples of glocalisation?

A
  • Grocery shops based in Bangladesh dont wrap their vegetables, because customers judge their purchases based on the feel of the food (called a wet market)
  • McDonalds have created a menu without any beef or pork in India, due to the large population of Muslims and Hindus
  • Car makers must change the orientation of the car to suit which side of the road a person must drive on
110
Q

What does the global shift refer to?

A

How manufacturing and industrial activity has shifted from the West to the East

  • Prior to the 1960s, manufacturing industries were located in the West in Europe and the US
  • After the 1960s, industries relocated to the East in countries like India and China, due to their large, unskilled workforce
111
Q

What are the benefits of outsourcing services to India?

A
  • Workers receive middle class wages, which means their disposable income has increased
  • Other businesses have seen more customers and spending due to the positive multiplier effect
  • People running the companies where services are outsourced to have seen increasing profits
112
Q

What are the costs of outsourcing services to India?

A
  • Many workers believe they are exploited, with long shifts and still lower wages than MEDC workers
  • Employees have become demotivated due to the repetitive nature of their work
  • The inequality between the richest and the poorest is increasing, as the poorest are not well educated and cannot benefit from outsourcing jobs
113
Q

Describe the outsourcing of services to India:

A
  • Many Indian citizens can speak fluent English, and the Indian government have invested in infrastructure such as broadband capacity, which has attracted high tech companies
114
Q

Describe the outsourcing of manufacturing to China:

A
  • In the 1990s, cities such as Shenzhen and Dongguan offered investors a large pool of cheap labour for manufacturing and other secondary employment. Since then, the volume of TNCs outsourcing to China has massively increased
  • Sweatshops had previously accelerated China’s globalised status but have now become less popular due to cheaper labour elsewhere- such as Bangladesh and Vietnam
  • Now, new technological outsourcing opportunities move into China
115
Q

Benefits of outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

A
  • New production methods and techniques brought by TNCs have now been adopted by local companies, causing local economic development
  • Locals, especially in rural areas who would otherwise be dependent on subsidence farming, now earn a wage
116
Q

What are the costs of outsourcing manufacturing to China?

A
  • Many employees have been exploited and the working conditions are dangerous- chemical contact, long hours, limited human rights, relaxed health and safety regulations
  • The environment has been degraded
  • Rivers and waterways become polluted with arsenic, lead, and other dangerous chemicals
  • The air becomes polluted with particulates, that increase asthma sufferers and pollution-related fatalities
117
Q

What were the impacts of deindustrialisation?

A

Dereliction and Contamination

Increasing unemployment rates

118
Q

Describe dereliction and contamination as a result of deindustrialisation:

A
  • Many textile companies based in UK Northern cities closed and so the buildings they previously occupied become derelict and abandoned
  • Other areas suffered from abandoned chemical and industrial waste, which has infiltrated the soil and local waterways
119
Q

Describe unemployment rates as a result of deindustrialisation:

A
  • Companies moving away leads to unemployment , which can lead to depopulation , as residents migrate away to find alternate employment
  • Deprivation of inner city areas will increase and crime rates may increase
120
Q

What features is culture composed of?

A

Language
Traditions
Religion
Food

121
Q

What can culture be influenced by?

A

Media
Migration
TNCs
Social media

122
Q

What populations have experienced large change to culture and ideologies?

A

Developing and developed populations
- As China has developed, the middle class population has grown and so people are starting to adapt their diet to Western preferences, causing a rise in meat consumption

123
Q

How much has meat consumption grown in China and what are the impacts of this?

A
  • From the 1990’s to 2015, meat consumption per capita rose from 5kg to 50kg
  • Obesity has increased, especially within the middle class population
  • A rise in cattle rearing has led to an increase in methane emissions
124
Q

Describe cultural erosion and its impact:

A
  • Communities being exposed suddenly to a new culture can face sudden change or reduction to their own culture.
  • Young people are especially vulnerable to cultural diffusion or erosion.
  • Due to the sensitivity and value of culture in some communities, this can cause conflict
125
Q

How does France resist cultural change?

A
  • The French government has attempted to control globalisation by restricting foreign language media (40% of all broadcast must be French)
126
Q

How does China resist cultural change?

A
  • ‘The Great Firewall of China’ prevents information that’s unfavourable of the government or of foreign media outlets.
  • Within China, you can’t access the BBC, use facebook, or search for politically sensitive information
127
Q

How does Iran resist cultural change?

A
  • In the early 2000s, the government banned Barbie dolls and confiscated them from all stores as they weren’t seen as appropriate for the Islamic state
128
Q

Describe the widening inequality gap:

A
  • Average incomes have risen in all continents since the 1950s but the poorest parts of Africa have seen very little and very slow growth
  • The increase in the wealth of Europe and North America has resulted in the widening gap between the richest and the poorest in the world
  • Absolute poverty has fallen but is still high
129
Q

What is the Gini coefficient?

A

Measures the inequality of wealth shared across a population and scores a country from 0 to 1

0 represents perfect equality
100 represents perfect inequality

130
Q

What parties and organisations have become more popular in Europe?

A

The far-right

  • Support for them has increased since the expansion of the EU in 2004, allowing for an increase in the flow of migrants.
131
Q

What are some European far-right parties that have become popular?

A
  • Germany has accepted the largest number of migrants of any EU country, but growing concerns about this has led to the rise of Pegida
  • In France, the National Front received 25% of the votes during a national election, suggesting the French view of migrants and cultural diversity is becoming less accepting
132
Q

How has cultural identity been protected?

A
  • Some countries attract tourists to experience their culture or witness their traditional lifestyle (e.g Papau New Guinea)
  • Indigenous or nomadic populations have grouped together, to support each other and maintain their traditional lifestyle
133
Q

What has TNCs development of Global Production Networks resulted in, and how?

A
  • Global production networks have been developed through cheap labour and low transport costs, which has helped TNCs minimise costs and maximise profit
  • However, there are many environmental costs of this (such as high carbon emissions)
134
Q

What do critics of TNCs often adopt?

A
  • ‘Localism’ as a way of life
  • This is the reduction of globally sourced goods, and instead purchasing locally-sourced, sustainable products to protect the environment and vulnerable individuals
135
Q

What are the advantages of localism?

A
  • Local suppliers can generate more revenue and they can provide more jobs for locals
  • Lower carbon emissions as produce is transported over shorter distances
  • Deliveries can be much quicker and may cost less
136
Q

What are the disadvantages of localism?

A
  • Foreign suppliers in developing countries may lose out, and jobs may be lost abroad
  • Overall cost is higher, due to higher wages and manufacturing costs
  • Low income families may not have the financial ability to afford local produce
137
Q

What is a transition town and its goals?

A

Transition towns support local economies and they promote:
- reducing consumption through reusing and recycling
- reducing waste, pollution and environmental damage
- meeting local needs through local production

138
Q

Give an example of a transition town:

A

Totnes, in Devon, which has its own currency (the Totnes pound)
- This encourages spending in independent stores , therefore benefitting the local economy rather than chain stores or TNCs

139
Q

What is fairtrade?

A

A system of certification that sets standards in the production of goods

140
Q

What is the aim of Fairtrade?

A
  • To secure better pay to producers and growers, and includes coffee, cocoa and bananas
  • The Fairtrade certification provides consumer confidence that suppliers are being paid a fair price for what they produce
141
Q

Are there any problems with Fairtrade?

A

As the scheme continues to grow, its increasingly difficult to ensure profits are distributed properly to the growers and producers.

142
Q

What is time-space compression?

A

When heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, connectivity and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information

143
Q

What does time-space compression result in?

A

As travel times fall due to new inventions , different places approach each other in time-space - they begin to feel closer together than they did in the past. This is called the shrinking world effect.

144
Q

What are SAPs?

A

Structural Adjustment Programmes
- Strict conditions imposed on countries receiving aid from the IMF or the World Bank

  • Receiving governments may be required to make cuts to healthcare, education, sanitation and housing.
  • This is to reduce the role of the government in a country, and open it up to private investment. It also cuts government spending so they can repay loans/
145
Q

Give an example of a SAP in a country:

A
  • In Tanzania, water to shanty towns in the capital city was cut off when the country privatised its water services as a condition on $143 million of debt relief
146
Q

How could global flows be viewed as threats?

A
  • information can provide citizens with knowledge that their government finds threatening
  • migrants can bring cultural change and diversity, not everyone welcomes this
  • imports of raw materials and commodities can threaten a nation’s own businesses
147
Q

What are the Bretton Woods Institutions?

A

The Bretton Woods Institutions are the IMF and the World Bank.
They were set up at a meeting of 43 countries in Bretton Woods, USA in July 1944
Their aims were to help rebuild the shattered postwar economy and to promote international economic cooperation

148
Q

What are the advantages of the WTO?

A
  • Can help to reduce taxes and tariffs, which in theory, can help developing countries.
  • It can also help to ensure that food products are only traded if they are safe through its sanitary regulations.
149
Q

What are the advantages of the IMF?

A

LEDCs can get access to money needed to build up their economies

Geography Paper 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions