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Geography Paper 2 > Regenerating Places > Flashcards

Regenerating Places Flashcards

1
Q

What is rebranding?

A

The way or ways in which a place is re-developed and marketed so that it gains a new identity.

It can then attract new investors and visitors. It may involve both re-imaging and regeneration

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2
Q

What is re-imaging?

A

The remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide ‘post-industrial’ functions such as retailing, leisure and tourism

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3
Q

What is regeneration?

A

A long term process involving social, economic and physical action to reverse decline and create sustainable communities.

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4
Q

What can define a place?

A

Languages
Religions
How people get from place to place
Government
Average levels of wealth
Predominant industries of the area

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5
Q

What are the five job sectors?

A

Primary
- extraction of raw resources

Secondary
- Manufacturing and processing of those resources

Tertiary
- the service sector

Quaternary
- high-tech research and design, and the ‘knowledge economy’

Quinary
- Knowledge management (consultancy, leadership, CEO)

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6
Q

What are the controversial aspects of employment?

A

Gender gap

Zero hours contract

Minimum wage and Living Wage

Illegal migrant workers

Temporary and seasonal work

Pay growth

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7
Q

How can inequality impact places?

A

Lack of wealth can lead to social deprivation, which can in turn lead to a cycle of poverty.

Places that are poor will tend to remain poor unless there is some sort of intervention (e.g regeneration)

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8
Q

What is IMD?

A

Index of Multiple Deprivation
- Ranks each small area in England from the most deprived to the least deprived

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9
Q

What seven measures does the IMD use?

A

Income
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing and services
Living environment

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10
Q

What is the IMD used for, and what does it show?

A
  • Used by local and central governments to allocate funds and prioritise services (e.g crime hotspots)
  • It shows that there is depriavation in all regions and areas- even in less deprived places
  • Deprivation is concentrated in large urban areas, especially Northern cities that have suffered deindustrialisation
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11
Q

What is Spearman’s Rank?

A
  • A statistical test which examines the strength of a relationship between two variables.
  • The test produces an overall figure between -1 and +1.
  • +1 is a perfect positive relationship and etc
  • A score of 0 would indicate no correlation between the two sets of data
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12
Q

Breakdown the spearman’s rank formula:

A

rs- the overall correlation value (between -1 and +1)

Ʃd2- the sum of the squared differences

n- the number of paired values (the size of your data set)

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13
Q

How do you calculate spearman’s rank?

A
  1. Rank the values
  2. Calculate the difference between the ranks
  3. Square the difference
  4. Add up the difference squared
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14
Q

What is meant by function?

A

The role a place plays for its community and surroundings.

Some, usually larger places offer regional, national or even global functions.

Functions may grow, disappear and change over time.

There is a hierarchy according to size and number of functions

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15
Q

What functional changes have taken place in rural areas?

A
  • loss of shops and pubs, growth of commuter villages, decline of agricultural employment, growth of tourism
  • Pubs may double up as shops and community centres
  • Farm diversification- e.g farming and holiday cottages
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16
Q

Describe changing demographic structure:

A
  • The demographic structure of places may change by age, gender and socio-economic status.
  • When places experience lower income groups moving in, such as lower-paid immigrants and students, it changes by the ‘filtering down’ process.
  • The opposite is ‘filtering up’, or gentrification, where more affluent people take over an originally lower-income place
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17
Q

What five major factors have shaped how places in the UK have changed?

A

Physical factors
Accessibility and connectedness
Historical development
Local and national planning
Other factors, such as globalisation

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18
Q

Explain physical factors creating change:

A
  • Coastal erosion and flooding
  • Climate change

Climate change is starting to shape policy, architecture and land-use decisions

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19
Q

Give some examples of physical factors changing places:

A
  • Solar farms are being constructed
  • Zero-energy buildings are being built (e.g BEDZED)
  • Flood defences are developing to be multi-use with tourist attractions integrated in
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20
Q

Explain accessibility and connectedness creating changes to places:

A
  • The development of the UK’s motorways and rail networks has changed the importance of different towns and villages
  • Post-war construction ideas changed the landscape of the Uk, as we followed US-style models of architecture and road-building to connect our towns and cities. This led to the decline of railway towns like Darlington
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21
Q

How has historical development shaped how places change?

A
  • Some places have changed slowly over time, and their current layout and characteristics still reflect their history
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22
Q

How has local and national planning shaped how places change?

A
  • Post-war planning popularised the concept of suburbs in the UK
  • Economic restructuring in the 70s/80s resulted in derelict and polluted inner city land, leading to redeveloped brownfield sites in the UK.
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23
Q

Describe the impacts of housing shortage in the UK:

A
  • Sometimes rural villages risk being overrun by the expansion of urban areas
  • The housing shortage has implications for the social wellbeing of a place- as demand exceeds supply, house prices will go up, and ‘nice’ places to live will become unaffordable for many
24
Q

What other factors shape how places change?

A
  • Globalisation, with its developments in transport, technology and communications infrastructure, has made it more cost effective for manufacturing companies to transfer operations to other parts of the world
  • Deindustrialisation has triggered major changes in towns and cities
  • Migration into the UK has changed the character of some towns and cities
25
How can change be measured?
Using employment trends, demographic changes, land use changes and levels of deprivation
26
What are the possible different functions of a place?
Administrative Commercial Retail Industrial
27
Describe locations with an administrative function:
- Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas - Administrative places tend to be cities and towns that influence the borough/region surrounding them - London's influence over the South-East is an example
28
Describe locations with a commercial function:
- A location with strong business influence - Many TNCs may have bases here and there is a large volume of small and large scale businesses
29
Describe locations with a retail function:
- A town or city with attractive retail facilities- markets, shopping centres, unique shops. - The retail industry is the main source of income and employment for locals
30
Describe locations with an industrial function:
- A location whose economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity. - For example, Birmingham was historically known as the Black Country due to its large industries of iron and steel works
31
Downsides of the primary industry?
- Each primary worker is subjected to different working conditions, depending on what they collect or produce - Primary employment is labour intensive, so presents risks to physical health, and some mental health (studies have shown that UK rural farmers can face isolation and depression)
32
Downsides of the secondary industry?
- Exploitation of workers is common in factories, where employees may be subjected to long hours, dangerous chemicals or a hazardous environment
33
Downsides of tertiary sector?
- Offers better progression opportunities and higher salaries, but work is often office-based, with regulated hours and limited outdoor interactions
34
Downsides of quaternary sector?
- These jobs can be very office-based, so there are limited environmental and social interactions
35
What is the Clarke-Fisher Model?
It describes the stages a country may progress through as they become more economically developed
36
What are the stages in the Clarke-Fisher Model?
Pre-industrial Industrial stage Post-industrial stage
37
Describe the Pre-industrial stage in the Clarke-Fisher Model:
- The majority of the population work in the primary sector, with a small percentage of the population employed in the secondary industry. - This may be due to a lack of infrastructure or investment preventing a country from constructing factories and establishing manufacturing industries.
38
Describe the Industrial stage in the Clarke-Fisher Model:
- The proportion of employees in the primary sector may begin to decline as land is taken up by manufacturing and imports become more feasible. - During these periods of time, internal rural-urban migration may occur, as families seek a better quality of life by earning a secondary job
39
Describe the Post-industrial stage in the Clarke-Fisher Model:
- After a country industrialises, the proportion of people working in the primary sector decreases significantly. - Secondary jobs also decline but at a much slower rate. - However, there is a big increase in the number of people in the tertiary and quaternary industry, as demand for entertainment, holidays and technology increases with an individual's disposable income.
40
What is Place Character?
- Relates to the specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique
41
What is place character influenced by?
Endogenous factors - Those which originate from within the place and are local Exogenous factors - Those which originate from outside a place and provide linkages and relationships with and to other places.
42
Give some endogenous factors:
Land Use - urban or rural Topography Physical Geography Infrastructure - services that enhance or are essential to living conditions Demographic Characteristics - Age, gender, number, ethnicity of population Built Environment - The architecture of the area Location Economic Characteristics - In debt, growth market, ageing industries, economic sectors.
43
Exogenous factors are commonly referred to as flows of:
People Money and Investment Resources Ideas
44
What variety of endogenous and exogenous factors may cause a location's characteristics to change?
Physical Infrastructure Competition Role of planning Economy
45
Describe physical causes changing the characteristics of a location:
Location - Proximity to large cities and economic zones may encourage economic development
46
Describe infrastructure changing the characteristics of a location:
- Roads, railways and airports allow the migration of people and movement of goods to previously inaccessible locations
47
Describe competition changing the characteristics of a location:
- TNCs relocating to the best regions (new investment, large labour pool) - Alternatively, competition from other locations offering a better work environment will take business and investment away from a location
48
Describe the role of planning in changing the characteristics of a location:
- By governments and stakeholders - Government strategies to restructure the economy- e.g increasing student numbers, filling skills shortages, becoming self-reliant in energy or food production -Conservation area policies limit new developments and encourage conversions
49
Describe economy changing the characteristics of a location:
- The function of the place may change- administrative, commercial, retail or industrial.
50
What factors can you use to measure change?
Land use changes - Reduction in abandoned land, industrial:residential ratio Employment trends - Changes to employment types, unemployment rate Demographic changes - Inward or outward migration Economic productivity - Money generated or value of products produced per person.
51
What factors might result in inequalities between different areas within a place?
Occupational hazards Income Life expectancy and general health Educational achievement
52
Describe occupational hazards resulting in inequality within an area:
- People who work in manual labour jobs generally earn less than professionals in managerial positions and their life expectancy is generally lower, due to the physical strain of their work
53
Describe income leading to inequality within an area:
- There is significant inequality in pay between the employment sectors- primary employment earns the least and is often seasonal, whereas tertiary and quaternary can be some of the highest earners - This is historically due to the skills and education required for each role
54
Describe life expectancy and general health leading to inequality within an area:
- There is a positive correlation between the level of income and an individual's life expectancy.
55
What are the reasons for inequality in health?
Type of employment - Manual, hazardous outdoor working conditions, exposure to chemicals etc. Affordability of food - Processed food can sometimes be cheaper than home-cooked, also in some occupations, people don't have time to cook from scratch. - Processed food can have high saturated fats and sugars, leading to diabetes Stereotypical lifestyles - In certain regions and ocupations, workers may adopt lifestyle choices such as smoking, drinking, and eating 'fry-up' cafe food in accordance with social norms
56
How does educational achievement lead to inequalities within an area?
- Educational outcomes are strongly linked to income, because wealthier families are able to afford extra tuition and university places. - Low income families may be unable to improve their living conditions because they can't afford further education to attain a higher salary. - Low income parents are more likely to take children out of education at an early age, for the children to earn a wage and contribute to the family income
57

Geography Paper 2 (6 decks)

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