Regenerating Places Flashcards
Define Regeneration
Long-term upgrading of existing places or more drastic renewal schemes for urban residential, retail, industrial and commercial areas, as well as rural areas
What are the two main ways of classifying Economic Activity
Employment sector; be it primary (agriculturally based), secondary (manufacture based), tertiary (service based) and quaternary (information based)
Employment type: part time/full time, temporary/permanent and employed/self-employed.
Explain how Employment Sector can be used as a means of defining a places economic activity
- As tertiary, quaternary and quinary sectors, increase, social class is
being replaced by levels of education and skills
- The quinary sector is an important aspect of the increasing ‘knowledge
economy’, creating prosperity in distinctive areas of the UK such as the
Cambridge triangle, M4 corridor and London - The process of globalisation and the growth of high tech and
knowledge industries – especially the growth of sectors of science,
technology and finance – have been deliberately encouraged by
governments, whose aim is economic stability and growth - Places embracing growth in these high-end employment sectors are
able to become ‘winners’ – while other places are relative ‘losers’,
marginalised and even deprived in opportunity, facilities and standards
of living
Explain how Employment Type can be used as a means of defining a places economic activity
- In 2015, there were 32 million people in work in the UK, with 1.85 million
unemployed - There are three main types of worker: employees with contracts,
workers and self-employed - 18.4 million people had full time contracts, while there were 9 million
part-time contracts - In general, the higher the number of full-time contracts in a place– the
greater its economic activity
What controversial aspects of employment remain in the current UK society
The gender gap has narrowed but still exists; on average men get paid
10 per cent more than men
Zero-hour contracts can lead to the exploitation of workers
Temporary and seasonal work usually has low pay, for example tourism
and agriculture
What three impacts does Economic Activity have on a place?
Health
Life expectancy
levels of education
Explain How Economic Activity can impact Health
- Health may be measured by morbidity and longevity
- There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated
lifestyles - Those working in long hours in manual jobs such as building and
agriculture or exposed to harmful effects of chemicals or pollutants will
have a raised risk of poorer health and mortality - Health is therefore linked to economic sectors and the type of
employment - A person’s poorer socio-economic position will increase their likelihood
of poor health
Explain How Economic Activity can impact life expectancy
- Longevity varies substantially between places, regions and within
settlements - In the wealthy area of Harrow – the life expectancy is 65 -year- males
can expect to live six years more than those in Glasgow
Explain How Economic Activity can Impact Education
- Education provision and outcome is unequal in the UK
- Working-class white children in poverty have a lower educational
achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve
- More disadvantaged children, many of which are on free school meals,
may feel a lack of control over their learning and may be reluctant to
carry on to higher education academic studies
Explain how Pay Inequalities have developed in the UK
- Those working in the primary sector and low-level services receive
lower pay than those in more skilled and professional sectors - Jobs may be seasonal and insecure compared with manufacturing and
higher-level services - The richest 1% of the population received 13% of all income and
accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% if the population put
together in 2014 - The UK now has the most billionaires per capita than any other country
– just five families control the same wealth as 20% of the population - The bottom 10% of earners, with weakly wages of under 288 pounds,
are concentrated in customer-service occupations such as carers.
Define Quality of Life
The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income and leisure time
What four factors are commonly used in measuring quality of life
Economic Inequality: Employment opportunities, type of work and
income
Social Inequality: Segregation of people and marginalisation or
exclusion of subgroups
Service Inequality: Health facilities, public transport, food may be
unequally available and accessed
Environmental Inequality: Pollution levels, derelict land and access to
open space have impacts on people’s well-being
How do the functional and characteristics of places change over time
As places develop, functions and demographic characteristics change.
Overtime, employment may change between administration, commercial, retail or industry whilst age structures and ethnic compositions alter demographics
What common Functional Changes have occurred in Places in recent years
- Historically, specialist functions such as banks, department stores,
council offices and doctors’ surgeries are classed as high-order
functions and located in larger settlements – while more ubiquitous
grocery stores, pubs etc. are located in low-order functions and are
found in small villages - However, due to the rise in commercial functions such as the internet,
which has allowed for click-and-collect and online banking – the need for
high street functions shopping has declined - In rural settings, pubs may now double up as community centres, post
offices and village shops
What common Demographic Changes have occurred in Places in recent years
- The demographic structure of places may change by age, gender and
socio-economic status - Gentrification is a change in the social structure of a place when
affluent people move into a location – planners may allow developers
to upgrade the place’s characteristics, residential and retail, to
deliberately attract people of high social status and income - For example, Super-Gentrification in Notting Hill, London: Victorian
slums are now sold for multi-million prices - Studentification – in places often higher education provision – students
often cluster in certain areas in towns and cities – their absence during
holidays and their anti-social behaviour can often cause conflict with
residents - For example, in Headingly, Leeds, two-thirds of the 10,000 residents are
students, concentrated in 73 streets of terraced houses
Explain the four factors that are driving Functional and Demographic
characteristics of places
Physical: e.g. location such as proximity to large cities and core economic zones, environment (places vary in attractiveness)
Accessibility and Connectedness: e.g. Access: Motorways, rail and air travel, Connections: used to help competition for investment and visitors
Historical Development: Changes in consumer trends: In retailing, from corner shop to supermarket to online shopping. In house types, increasing demand for single homes. The role of TNCs in shaping consumer demand and hence, the character of a place (e.g. clones shopping malls)
Increased affluence: Has increased leisure and tourism functions, so many house and buildings converted, such as bars and B&Bs or second homes.
Role of planning by governments and other stakeholders: National government: Policies on restructuring the UK economy, trying to equalise the benefits – the 1990s policy of increasing student numbers so that 50% of children go onto higher education
What four methods can be used to measure changes in places
land-use change
employment trends
demographic changes
levels of deprivation
Explain the Index of Multiple Deprivation
- This is the most widely used scale in England and Wales, ranking Lower
layer Super Output Areas (LSOA) from 1 (the most deprived area in the
country) to 32,844 (the least deprived area) based on seven individual
domains which jointly make up a decile score. - These domains are: income deprivation; employment deprivation;
education, skills & training deprivation; health deprivation & disability;
crime; barriers to housing & services; and living environment
deprivation. - Each domain is given a relative weighting in the overall IMD score
- The findings of the September 2015 IMD report found
There are pockets of deprivation within less deprived places in all
English regions
Deprivation is still concentrated in large urban conurbations, areas that
have historically had heavy industry, manufacturing and or/mining
sectors and coastal towns
Define Connections
Any type of physical, social or online linkages between places. Places may keep some of their characteristics or change them as a result
Give the features of Canterbury
Population of roughly 55,000
1 in 5 of the population aged 15-24 due to its student population
stemming from the 3 universities and 6 secondary schools.
Has an unemployment rate below the national average
In terms of employment sectors – rapid advances in the Finance and
Business services since mid 1950s – while there has been rapid
declines in manufacturing since the mid 1960s (Shift from secondary to
tertiary sector)
Public services have also steadily increased – above the national
average (e.g. health, education etc.)
Strong bus and train services – High speed from London and quick
access to M25 motorway
Very successful in tourism – tourists from mainland Europe flock to
Canterbury for the Cathedral and historical aspects of the town.
(Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey and St Martin’s Church are all UNESCO
World Heritage Sites)
Explain how past and present regeneration has shaped Canterbury
University of Kent built in 1962 – University of Christchurch followed –
been central in investment and re-generation projects in the area –
development of old and grotty housing into modern developments
Marlowe Arcade opened in 1985 and the Roman museum in 1994 –
attracted tourists
Whitefriars Shopping Centre in Canterbury was completed in 2005
Allowed Canterbury to flourish as a town
Give the features of Margate
Population of roughly 64,000
Has one of the largest elderly resident demographics in its district – its
seaside location attracts retirees
Margate’s wards: Cliftonville West, Margate Central and Dane Valley;
have three of the highest unemployment rates in the district (19.6%
,15.5%,7%).
It also has some of the most deprived wards in England – Margate
Central and Cliftonville West are among the top 10% of the most
deprived wards in England and Wales – while 13 of its LSOAs are among
the most deprived in Kent
Was heavily damaged by the war – while Canterbury quickly recovered
–Post-war time in Margate was dominated by decline and decay.
Failed to recognise that an economy reliant on sea-side tourism would
inherently fail in a globalised world - revenue produced by hotels during
the summer months failed to cover expenditures during the quieter
months,
with the result that buildings fell into disrepair.
Has strong public transport connections such as HS1 and bus services –
but limited access to motorways
Explain how past and present regeneration has shaped Margate
In the late 1990s and early years of the 21st century, Co-operation
between Thanet District Council, the UK government and the European
Union worked to provide a solution to the problem of high deprivation
in Margate
In 2002, the Margate Old Town (THI) scheme was launched with a fund
of over £1 million available over three years. This fund permitted the
repair and refurbishment of many buildings that had been derelict and
un-inhabitable for decades.
Construction of the Turner Contemporary museum and art space began
in 2008 with the aim of restoring Margate’s artistic culture - between
2011 and 2016 960,000 people visited the Turner Contemporary who
would not otherwise have visited Margate
However, Margate remains extremely deprived and progress has been
slow
When might a region be considered successful?
- A region perceived as successful tends to be self-sustaining as more
people and investment are drawn to the opportunities created, from
both inside the country and from other places
What negative externalities may arise in a successful region
- Overheated property prices, congestion of roads and public transport, and
skills shortages
Explain an example of a successful urban region
• Successful regions, such as San Francisco Bay area, have high rates of
employment, inward migration and low levels of multiple deprivation.
This alongside high property prices and skills shortages creates a
wealthy and developing region
- In the 1990s it became the focus of Califonia’s new ‘gold rush’, home to global dot-com businesses such as Dropbox
and Twitter.
- There has been extreme job growth in STEM biotech, life sciences and digital media companies.
- The multiplier effect is fuelled by its technological and transportation infrastructure, high quality of life and highly
skilled workforce. However, not all have benefited. - So-called ‘Google Effect’ of the gentrification of districts alongside Google buses transporting worker to its Mountain
View campus has created discontent from the established, less-affluent displaced locals.
Explain an example of an unsuccessful region
• Less successful regions, such as the Rust Belt in the USA, (cities such
as Chicago and Detroit) have faced the cycle of decline – where one
factor exacerbates the other.
- Economic restructuring has caused increasing levels of social
deprivation, worsening education, health, crime, access to services and
the living environment
Explain an example of a successful rural region
• Successful regions, such as small villages and towns in Worcester have
been growing faster than many larger urban areas, both in terms of
population and economic output
- Rural areas such as Worcester has a lower rate of unemployment and
insolvencies - Higher-value food products are booming, as are leisure and tourism
- Rural areas have also been supported by transport and technology
innovations allowing counter-urbanisation
Explain an example of an unsuccessful rural region
• Less successful regions, such as Redruth in Cornwall, have had similar
cycles of decline as in urban areas.
- The loss of primary sectors such as the mining industry and fishing
sectors – combined with a lack of investment – has created poor and
isolated communities. 40% of households are on less than 10,000
pounds a year
Define Reinventor City
Have changed their economic base successfully by encouraging IT and digital media, have higher wages, graduate workers, new businesses and productivity
Define Replicator City
Have replaced cotton mills with call centres and dockyards with distribution centres and are less sustainable. They tend to have a higher share of workers with low qualifications and a working age population claiming benefits
What is the fundamental reason behind the regeneration of urban and rural areas
Regeneration is thus done to create a balance and eradicate social and economic inequalities. By regenerating an area, business opportunities arise which improve social facilities and overall quality of life and wellbeing.
Sink Estates
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime – examples such as the Barracks of Glasgow – Redruth in Cornwall
Gated Communities
Found in urban and rural settlements as either individual buildings or groups of houses. They are landscapes of surveillance, with CCTV and often 24/7 security guards. They are designed to deter access by unknown people and reduce crime – e.g. London Docklands
Commuter Villages
Settlements have a proportion of their population living in them but who commute out daily or weekly, usually to larger settlements either nearby or further afield. Such places, tend to have affluent populations and low levels of deprivation measured by wealth and employment
Explain an example of a Commuter place
In the Itchen Valley, which is an accessible rural place, with about 1900 residents – a few miles from Winchester and fast mainline railway to London coupled with the M3 has meant it has become a commuter hotspot. Has breathed new life into the valley with schools and pubs, however, has also meant that house and land prices have rocketed
How can the level of community engagement be measured
Local and national election turn outs
The number of community activities
The number of developed and supported local community groups
Explain how local and national election turn outs can measure community engagement
- The Electoral Commission recorded that 7.5 million eligible voters were
not registered in 2015 - Poor, black and young people in urban areas are the least likely to be
on the electoral role - In 2014, local election turnout was only 36%, while mere 15% voted
during the Police and Crime commissioner elections in 2012 – such
results have triggered calls for compulsory voting at local and national
level
