Health, Human Rights & Intervention

Question 1

Happy Planet Index

Answer 1

The Happy Planet Index (HPI) is a leading global measure of sustainable well-being

Measures sustainable wellbeing and how well nations are achieving long and healthy lives.

HPI=EW x LE/EF

EW – experienced well being
LE – life expectancy
EF – ecological footprint (measure of recourse consumption)

Question 2

Sharia Law

human development case study

Answer 2

• Sharia Law is the law of Islam
• As a legal system, it covers a wide range of topics, from public and
  private behaviour to private beliefs

 Theft is punishable by amputation of right hand
 Women can have one husband, but a man can have up to four wives
 A woman cannot drive a car
 A woman cannot speak alone to a man who is not her husband or
relative

• Of all global legal systems, it Is evident Sharia law is the most intrusive
  and strict, especially with regard to women
• A concern in the UK and other countries is the danger that Sharia law
  operates as a parallel legal system
• Rich: Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE - Poor: Afghanistan,
  Mauritania, Sudan

Question 3

Why does perception of human development vary

Answer 3

• There are fundamental differences in beliefs, values, morals and codes of conduct of many of the world’s many societies which mean there are some very different perceptions of human development
• A prevailing view of today is that improvements in environmental quality, health, life expectancy and human rights are more significant goals of the development whilst economic growth is the best means to deliver them.

Question 4

Explain the importance of education in supporting human development

Answer 4

• Education is central to economic development, human rights creation
  and the understanding of human wellbeing
• A literate, numerate, enterprising and skilled workforce is precious
  human capital
• Such capital is vital if a country is to move along the better pathway
• Education promises a better job and higher wages, and from this flow
  material benefits that raise the quality of life
• On average, one year of education is estimated to increase wage earnings by 10% – in sub-Saharan Africa, by as
  much as 13% (Montenegro and Patrinos, 2014).
• These earnings, in turn, contribute to national economic growth. No country has ever achieved continuous and
  rapid growth without reaching an adult literacy rate of at least 40%.
• Education enables rural households to diversify their income-earning opportunities, for example through access to
  more lucrative non-farm work. In Indonesia, the share of rural workers with no education employed in non-farm
  work is 15% of men and 17% of women.
• Among those with secondary education, the share increases to 61% of men and 72% of women (UNESCO, 2014).
• With education, people are better prepared to prevent disease and to use health services effectively. For example,
  young people who have completed primary education are less than half as likely to contract HIV as those with little
  or no schooling. Education also increases awareness of the importance of the need for a good diet and sanitary
  living conditions.

Question 5

Why is there extensive variations in education standards and opportunities

Answer 5

• Africa, South Asia has illiteracy rates of well over 25% whilst Europe,
  North Asia, Australasia and South America have rates of below 5%

 In India, Middle East and much of Africa there are deep-rooted
ignorance and violence that prevents females from exercising their
right to education
 Education is also impeded by other obstacles such as ethnicity,
physical and mental disability, social, wealth

Question 6

UNESCO

Answer 6

• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
  (UNESCO) has done much throughout the world ‘to ensure that every
  child, boy or girl has access to quality education as a fundamental
  human right
• It has done much to raise the levels of literacy around the world

Question 7

Human Development Index (HDI)

Answer 7

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is another widely used measure
  to show the state of global development
• The HDI has breadth, in it takes into account three important
  dimensions of the development process:

 Life expectancy
 Education
 Economic growth

• HDI relies on statistical data that are collected frequently and widely at
  a national level
• Because of this it can be used to monitor development progress over a
  year or period of years

Question 8

What 6 factors can explain variations in human health and life expectancy

Answer 8

• Health Care: This involves the number of people per doctor. The smaller
  the number, better the care. The USA requires citizens to pay for
  healthcare whereas the UK offers free accessible care.
• Economic development: Richer countries have better access to medical
  technology
• Education: People learn healthy eating and lifestyles as well as sanitation,
  contraception and childcare. A good education system allows more
  people to become doctors and nurses
• Age: The old are more susceptible to diseases so in a population with a
  higher percentage of elderly people, the death rate may be higher
• Food and water supply: This prevents the spread of disease and
  malnutrition
• Culture and Lifestyle: In Afghanistan, women cannot be seen by male
  doctors and cannot be educated to become nurses, limiting their
  healthcare. Traditional foods in the Mediterranean are culturally believed
  to increase life expectancy

Question 9

UK

life expectancy variation case study 1

Answer 9

• A girl born in the UK in the start of the twentieth century had an
  average life expectancy of less than 50 years – a girl born today will
  live on average for more than 80 years
• This increase in life expectancy is a testament to medical advances,
  changes in the UK’s economy and improvements in diet and housing
• However, there are significant variations in life expectancy between
  counties:

 England remains an unequal country in terms of life expectancy
 15 years difference in the healthy life expectancy of men in Richmond
upon Thames (London) compared with those in London
 The highest incidences of heart disease and cancer are found in the
most deprived areas
 There is a 7-year differences between life expectancy of men at birth
born into an unskilled socio-economic group relative to those born in a
professional socio-economic group
 Higher life expectancy in England than Scotland by up to 3 years

Question 10

Brazil

Life expectancy case study 2

Answer 10

• 2013, life expectancy in Brazil – one of the world’s leading emerging
  countries - stood at 70.4 for men and 77.6 for women
• The highest life expectancies occur in the Southeast Brazil, stretching
  from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul
• This is the core of the Brazilian economy, high life expectancies can be
  explained in terms of beneficial spin offs such as jobs, higher wages
  and adequate housing
• Low life expectancy in Rio de Janeiro reflects the many favela and
  shanty towns located in this huge metropolitan area
• The relatively low values in the northern parts of the country,
  particularly in the Amazon lowlands, may reflect its remoteness and
  relatively undeveloped nature.
• It may also reflect the fact that this is where many of Brazil’s
  indigenous peoples live who occupy great tracts of sparsely
  populated forest (population of 900,000)

Question 11

Australia

Life expectancy case study 3

Answer 11

• Australia enjoys one of the highest life expectancies in the world: 79.7
  years for men and 83.1 years for women
• Ranked 6th in OECD countries
• Indigenous people make up around 3% of Australia’s population of
  nearly 24 million
• Aboriginal life expectancy for men is currently estimated to be 10.6
  years lower than that of non-indigenous men, and 9.5 years for women
• According to the UN, the quality of life for Aboriginal people is the
  second worst in the world which can be attributed to:

	Poor housing 
	Dispossession of traditional lands 
	Low education level 
	High unemployment 
	Ethnic discrimination 
	Inability of politicians to address aboriginal problems

• Access to health care is a major issue – many Aboriginal people lack
  the transport to get them to medical centres.

Question 12

Explain Social Progress

Answer 12

This is the idea that societies can and do improve their economic, political and social structures.

It is about meeting basic human needs, raising well-being and creating opportunities for people to improve their lot.

It can be accelerated by inputs of government intervention (e.g. creating national health service, subsidies etc.); social enterprise (e.g. businesses that trade for social or environmental purpose) or social activism (e.g. Empowerment of women)

Question 13

Why are there variations in terms of government spending on healthcare

Answer 13

– While Egypt compares favourably, this is not the case for fellow
totalitarian state Myanmar

• Oil rich state - Saudi Arabia show very low levels of spending on health,
  presumably the better off citizens either pay for it themselves or seek their
  medical treatment overseas
• Differences in priorities e.g. North Korea spends huge amounts on Military
  Spending and little on healthcare

Question 14

Explain the World Bank’s role in the promotion of global development

Answer 14

Committed to the alleviation of poverty.

It is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world.

It is not a bank in the ordinary sense but a unique partnership to reduce poverty and support development.

Question 15

Explain the International Monetary Funds (IMF) role in the promotion of global development

Answer 15

Aims to foster monetary co-operation, secure financial stability, facilitate economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world

It seeks to improve the economies of member countries through data collection and analysis, monitoring economic performance and, where necessary, recommending self-correcting policies

Question 16

Explain the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) role in the promotion of global development

Answer 16

Its purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science and culture to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law and human rights, along with fundamental freedom.

It also promotes cultural diversity and aims to secure the world’s cultural and natural heritage

Question 17

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Answer 17

Promotes policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.

It provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems.

It works with governments to understand what drives economic, social and environmental change.

It recommends policies designed to improve the quality of people’s lives

Question 18

Give the four IGOs who promote global development

Answer 18

World Bank

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Question 19

What are the 8 Millenium Development Goals

Answer 19

	Eradicate extreme hunger
	Achieve universal primary education 
	Promote gender equality and empower women 
	Reduce child mortality 
	Improve maternal health 
	Combat HIV/AIDS
	Ensure environmental sustainability 
	Develop a global partnership for development

Question 20

Development Gap

Answer 20

The widening income and prosperity gap between global ‘halves’ of the developed world and the ‘halve nots’ of the developing world, especially the least developed countries

Question 21

Human Rights

Answer 21

Moral principles that underlie standards of human behaviour.

They are commonly understood as inalienable and fundamental rights ‘to which a person is inherently entitled to simply because she is or he is a human being and which are ‘inherent in all human beings’ regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status

Question 22

United Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Answer 22

 Framework for foreign policies to explain economic and military
intervention but not all states have signed the declaration

 It states the basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all
humans are entitled to. This includes rights such as the right to
education, the right to privacy and the right to clean water

 Reading through the rights it is apparent that not all are met globally

 This is due to access of rights as well as extraneous variables, such as
government corruption, which can prevent rights altogether

Question 23

European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR)

Answer 23

 Played an important part in developing awareness of human rights in
Europe after its establishment in 1953

 It was in response to the serious violations of human rights that
occurred in Europe during the Second World War and the post-war
spread of communism in Central and Eastern Europe and the threat of
communist subversion

 Violations of this convention come before the European Court of
Human Rights which is responsible for monitoring respect for the
human rights of 800 million Europeans within 47-member states that
have ratified the convention

Question 24

Geneva Convention

Answer 24

 Forms the foundation of international law prosecuting individuals and
organisations who commit war crimes

 This convention was endorsed by 196 countries, but few cases come to
trial whilst 150 countries continue to engage in torture

 This displays the difficulty of setting up international laws as there will
almost always be conflict amongst countries and their interests

 The convention sets out war laws to protect civilians and minimising
damage.

Question 25

UK human rights act

Answer 25

 Act passed in 1998, incorporated into UK law the rights contained in
the ECHR.

 It means that any breach of the convention’s rights can be heard in UK
courts and need not go the European Court of Human Rights

 However, appeals related to the verdicts of the UK courts in such cases
can be sent to, and possibly overturned by the European Court

 This has led some to believe the UK has lost its sovereignty

Question 26

Democracy

Answer 26

Countries with a system of government in which power is either held by regularly elected representatives or directly by the people

Question 27

What are the three ratings which classify a countries human rights

Answer 27

 Free – there is broad scope for open political competition and a
climate of respect for civil liberties

 Partly free – there are some clear restrictions on political rights and
civil liberties

 Not free – basic political rights and civil liberties are absent or
systematically violated

Question 28

North and South Korea

Democracy/dictatorship contrast case study

Answer 28

North Korea
 Self-reliant socialist state
 Totalitarian state with an elaborate personality cult based on the
dictatorship of the Kim Jon family
 North Korea lies in self-imposed isolation from the rest of the global
community
 Its people are forbidden to use the internet and the country is well
known for its abuses of human rights against these people
 It is recognised as a ‘rogue state’ through it possession of nuclear
weapons and its vast military forces, its frequent threats against South
Korea, as well as its frequent violations of human rights
 North Korea suffers food shortages, malnutrition and occasional, but
severe, famines
 In the 1990s, an estimated 2.5 million were killed by famines – 10% of the population
 GDP per capita – 195th

South Korea
 Has embraced capitalism
 Transformed itself from a war-torn country into a high-income
advanced economy
 The key to this economic success lies in firm government; powerful
high-tech companies e.g. Samsung; a committed labour force and a
strong human recourse of enterprise and technological innovation
 Ranks among the highest in the world in terms of education, healthcare
and ease in doing business.
 GDP per capita – 40th

Question 29

India

Emerging superpower case study 1

Answer 29

 Democratic republic with a parliamentary system – involved a union of
29 states

 While it is generally a democratic and free country: there are a number
of human rights issues

 Incidents of violence against religious minorities, especially Muslims.

 Caste-based discrimination and neglect of tribal communities

 Sexual abuse and other violence against women

 State censorship continues despite government pledges to extent
freedom of speech

 India’s security forces enjoy impunity for serious violations of human
rights

Question 30

China

Emerging superpower case study 2

Answer 30

• Modern China was founded as a communist country with a one-party
  government following the Second World War
• An increasing willingness to trade with the capitalist world has led to it
  rivalling the USA as the world’s largest economy
• This economic success however has been driven by a disregard for
  human rights

 Re-education through labour – this is frequently handed out to critics of
the government and followers of banned beliefs
 Suppression of the internet and media freedom – hundreds of
websites are blocked or banned in China
 Unfair trials – the Chinese judicial system falls a long way short of
international standards
 Torture – this, and the ill-treatment of detainees, is widespread. It is
particularly directed at human rights activists and people detained
because of their political or religious beliefs
 Death penalty: it is estimated that China accounts for nearly ¾ of all the
world’s executions each year; 46 offences are eligible for the death
penalty

Question 31

Give the three forms of political corruption

Answer 31

 Allowing private interests to dictate government policy
 Taking decisions that benefit those who are funding the politicians
 Diverting foreign aid and scare recourses into the private pockets of
politicians

Question 32

Zimbabwe

political corruption case study

Answer 32

• Zimbabwe enjoyed considerable economic prosperity due to its
  productive agriculture, a profitable mining industry and a strong
  manufacturing sector, including iron and steel
• Robert Mugabe came into office in 1980, him and his associates
  continue to control the country thanks to questionable elections,
  corruption and a firm denial of human rights, particularly to the
  remaining white population.
• Land reforms undertaken in the name of redistributing lands to the
  black population from the former colonial white settlers have had two
  outcomes; best land ended up in the hands of close associates to
  Mugabe and the remainder has been badly farmed
• The scale of misrule and corruption has been such that it has brought
  the country to the brink of bankruptcy

Question 33

How does social development influence variations in the implementation of human rights

Answer 33

• There are variations between countries in the implementation of
  human rights and this is due to different levels of social development
• In some states, particularly post-colonial states, there are groups
  defined by gender/ethnicity that have fewer rights than the dominant
  group

Question 34

Why did conflict occur in countries after the departure of Colonial Rulers

Answer 34

• Large parts of the world were under colonial rule in the first half of the
  twentieth century – after these countries left it was often placed in the
  hands of the indigenous people
• However, multiple problems arose

 Although various forms of government had been set up in the colonies,
indigenous people had been largely excluded from its administration.
The result was that, when independence came, they had little or no
experience of how to run a country, so independence often led to
chaos
 This chaos meant that opportunistic insurgent groups were able to vie
for political control. Much violence ensued.
 Most importantly, the colonial borders did not recognise or realise the
importance of traditional ethnic and religious borders. The colonial
boundaries often cut across these deeply-engrained lines.

Question 35

Rwanda

Ethnicity case study 1

Answer 35

• The Germans who had colonised Rwanda failed to recognise three
  distinct subgroups of the Banyarwanda: Hutu (84%), Tutsi (15%) and the
  Taw (1%)

-	Rwanda had remained a unified state largely controlled by the minority 
        the Tutsi, in which, the Hutu were treated as second-class citizens 

• After independence in 1962, the Hutu struggled for supremacy
• In 1994, the Hutu decided to eliminate the Tutsi
• Within 100 days, 800,000 Tutsi were massacred – representing 70% of
  the total population

Question 36

The Americas indigenous populations

Ethnicity case study 2

Answer 36

• Estimated 370 million indigenous people living in more than 70
  countries
• 46 million of them live in the Americas
• These indigenous populations represent a rich diversity of cultures,
  religions, traditions and languages
• They are a significant part of the world’s biological diversity
• Many are also stewards of the Earths biological recourses
• Yet these groups face serious discrimination
• Many under threat from mining, oil extraction, dam and road building.
• They are being driven off their homelands and are ending up in towns
  and cities – they are paying the costs of development yet enjoying
  none of the benefits
• Indigenous people in the Americas are poorer, less educated, more
  likely to commit suicide, and are generally in worse heath than the rest
  of the population

Question 37

Afghanistan

Gender case study

Answer 37

• Due to the consistent and varied rulers’ women’s rights have varied in
  Afghanistan
• Women given the vote in 1919 under Soviet rule
• In the 1950s a new constitution gave women equality in a number of
  important aspects of life, including being able to stand in elections at
  all levels
• During the 1980s and 1990s, and particularly under Taliban rule, the
  rights of women in Afghanistan were gradually withdrawn (Sharia Rule)
  women and girls were banned from:

	Going to school or studying 
	Working 
	Leaving the house without a male chaperone 
	Showing their skin in public 
	Being involved in politics 

• This has essentially made Afghan women prisoners of their homes
• The 2001 intervention by the USA allowed the restoration of some
  women’s rights however as they withdraw troops – the Taliban has
  regained control of some areas– and women are once again routinely
  discriminated against.

Question 38

Bolivia

Gender/ethnicity mix case study

Answer 38

• Population of 35 million and 35 different ethnic groups
• Over 60% of the country is classified as indigenous
• While progress has been made culturally, socially and politically, the
  indigenous people remain marginalised in economic terms
• In terms of gender, the record is worse
• For example, gender violence causes more death and disability among
  women aged 15-44 than do cancer, malaria, traffic accidents or war
• 50% of Bolivian women have admitted to being subject to physical
  abuse in their lifetime – it also has the highest rate of maternal
  mortality in South America

Question 39

Maternal mortality

Answer 39

The death of a women while pregnant or within 42 days from the end of pregnancy

Question 40

Define Interventionism

Answer 40

• Interventionism is a broad term for the activity undertaken by a state to
  manipulate the economy, society and/or the political standing of
  another nation
• The motives behind geopolitical interventions are many; they vary from
  country to country and between the different organisations

Question 41

What are the three motives behind interventions

Answer 41

Development Aid:
 Offering development to the poorest and least-developed countries
 Protecting human rights
 Encouraging education and healthcare

Economic power:
 Promoting international trade and protecting trade routes
 Accessing recourses
 Encouraging inward investment

Military power:
 Providing military support
 Increasing global influence or regional influence

Question 42

Bilateral Aid

Answer 42

Aid that is delivered on a one-one basis between a donor and a recipient

Question 43

Multilateral Aid

Answer 43

Aid (usually financial, sometimes technical) given by donor countries to international aid organisations such as the World Bank or Oxfam. These organisations distribute the aid to what they deem to be deserving camps

Question 44

State the two different types of Development Aid

Answer 44

• Bilateral

- Multilateral

Question 45

Official Development Assistance

Answer 45

A term used by the OECD to measure aid. It is widely used as an indicator of flows of international aid. Flows are transfers of recourses, either in cash or in the flow of commodities or services.

Since 1960, the total amount of ODA given each year to developing countries has usually risen. Since 2000, there has been an increase of 82.5% (even including a dip due to the global financial crisis of 2007-2008).

By 2015, global development aid totalled US$146.68 billion, which was a rise of 6.9% in just one year.

However, while the total amount of ODA has steadily increased since 1960, the level of ODA when measured as a percentage of GNI has actually decreased.

ODA is usually multi-targeted. The targets are made fairly transparent and they often involve promoting respect for human rights.

But there are others, such as confronting poverty, terrorism, HIV/AIDS, poor governance and corruption. All have an impact on human development

Question 46

State the two different types of Economic Aid

Answer 46

• Trade

- Investment

Question 47

What are the 6 different types of trade intervention

Answer 47

Tariffs - Taxes levied on imports

Quotas - Restrictions on imports

Exchange Rates - Deliberately lowering to increase the
competitiveness of either imports or exports

Trade Blocs - Free trade between member countries

Embargos - Bans on trade in specified commodities

Sanctions - Restrictions on trade imposed by countries against others for political reasons

Question 48

What are the 3 economic motives behind investment

Answer 48

 Securing primary recourses
 Facilitating private investment
 Providing technical know-how

Question 49

Explain Military Intervention

Answer 49

• Involves the deliberate act of a nation introducing its military force to
  solve a controversy usually in another country
• This can range from training and equipping a developing country’s
  armed forces, through sending troops to help deal with insurgents and
  terrorists, to all out military occupation

Question 50

Amnesty International

Answer 50

Founded in the UK and focused on the investigation and exposure of human rights abuses around the world.

Takes on both governments and powerful bodies, such as major companies.

Today it combines its considerable international reputation with the voices of grassroot activists such on the spot to ensure that the UDHR is fully implemented.

It also provides education and training so that people ae made aware of their rights

Question 51

Human Rights Watch

Answer 51

Constantly on the lookout for violations of the UDHR.

It is not frightened to name and shame non-compliant governments through media coverage and direct exchanges with policy makers

Question 52

Oxfam

Answer 52

Founded in the UK to help and deal with the hunger and starvation that prevailed during the Second World War.

Today it has three main targets: development and work aimed at lifting people out of poverty and improving health; assisting those affected by conflicts and natural disasters; and campaigning in a range of issues, from women’s rights to the resolution of conflicts.

Question 53

Explain the 3 positive impacts of Development Aid

Answer 53

 Small Pox – a highly contagious disease – has been eliminated as a
result of global vaccination campaigns

 Malaria has been significantly reduced on three fronts: draining
swampy areas; encouraging those at risk to take preventive medicine;
distributing mosquito nets for people to sleep under

 Development aid has been successful in terms of improving respect for
gender equality and access to primary education

Question 54

Explain the fundamental concerns behind Development Aid

Answer 54

• Aid in the form of capital grants and loans is seen to be inappropriate
  by some – they argue it is better to donate technical assistance and
  skill training
• In some countries there is concern about the size of the aid budget.
• There is criticism about the actual distribution of aid. For example, up
  until 2015, a large amount of the UK’s aid went to India, but India is a
  much-lauded emerging economy. Are there not other countries not
  more in need of aid?
• A strong argument is that aid is thought to encourage progress, inflows
  of aid make governments economically lazy and encourage corruption

Question 55

Haiti

development aid case study

Answer 55

• Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the world and the poorest
  country in the western hemisphere
• Around 4 in every 5 Haitians live on less than US$2 a day
• Life expectancy: 64 188th in world
• 34% without electricity
• Over the last 200 years, Haiti has suffered from:

 Exploitation of its recourses by foreign companies and businesses
 Massive violations of civil rights by a succession of dictatorships
 Widespread corruption
 A high level of aid dependency

• Between 1990 and 2009, Haiti received US$5 billion in US aid –
  however, little has resulted from this
• The 2010 earthquake killed 230,000, injured 30,000 and displaced 1.5
  million who were exposed to storms, flooding and contagious diseases
  such as cholera
  .
• Global appeals for help were soon answered and within months 12
  billion pounds had been pledged. However, a number of issues
  emerged:

 As of 2015, only half of the promised aid had been received
 Over 500,000 victims still live in temporary shelters without electricity,
plumbing or sewerage
 A prolonged outbreak of cholera caused by a failure to provide proper
sanitation
 By then Haiti’s programme should have moved on from emergency
relief and reconstruction to longer-term objectives, such as dealing
with serious human rights abuses, corruption, poor governance and
poverty

Reasons
- Too many unqualified small-scale NGO organisations and charities with
no language skills or interpreters
- Aid unequally distributed: being too focused on emergency camps in
cities
- Weak Haitian government was left outside the loop of major aid
players

Question 56

Explain the concerns surrounding economic intervention

Answer 56

Some economic developments have serious environmental impacts which degrades locations inhabited by minority groups. This disregards to their human rights to their land and culture

Question 57

Land Grabs in Kenya

economic intervention case study 1

Answer 57

• Since the 1980s, Land has become a currency of political patronage
  among Kenya’s elite
• Large tracts of public land have been illegally or irregularly acquired
• Land grabbing is the name given to this irregular privatisation of public
  land
• Land grabbers are usually from high profile officials in government who
  outsource them to economic centralist TNCs
• These land grabs have serious impacts on public finances,
  development opportunities and land pricing
• The pressure on land is considerable in a country where 85% of the
  population relies on agriculture for its livelihood. Tensions are
  increased by the fact that 88% of the population have access to less
  than three hectares of land

Question 58

Oil in Niger Delta

economic intervention case study 2

Answer 58

• Oil was discovered in the Niger Delta some 40 years ago
• Royal Dutch Shell is the largest oil company working the oilfields and
  obtains about 10% of its crude oil supply from them – Nigerian
  government earns 10 billion a year
• For the people who live on the Delta the situation is dire
• Has had devastating effects on Nigeria’s largest wetland region, its
  wildlife and its inhabitants
• Human health is threatened by the pollution of its air, water and
  farmland by many unattended oil spills, as well as by gas flares and
  frequent fires.
• Local people have benefitted little if at all from the oil industry
• Roads remain poor; schools and medial services are grossly
  underfunded

Question 59

What drives Military Intervention

Answer 59

• Military interventions may be driven by global strategic interests but
  are covered by nations claiming they are reinforcing human rights e.g.
  to ensure access to valuable recourses
• Military aid, such as training and weapons sales, can support countries
  who have questionable human right records.
• A strong military could enforce human rights within the nation
• Direct military intervention is becoming part of a ‘war on terror’ to
  eliminate torture and the abuse of human rights

Question 60

Libya

military intervention case study 1

Answer 60

• President Gadhafi was overthrown in 2011
• He and his immediate supporters were thought to be complicit in a
  number of terrorist acts, including the downing of Pan Am Flight 103
  over Lockerbie, Scotland
• A multi-state coalition began military intervention in the form of an arms
  embargo and the imposition of a no-fly zone over the whole of Libya
• The intervention did not involve sending troops, rather just securing
  the country’s airspace as well as its inshore waters so there was no
  external support for Ghaddafi’s forces

Question 61

Russia in Ukraine

military intervention case study 2

Answer 61

• Russia is not a country widely recognised as a champion of human
  rights
• However, the protection of the human rights of the enclave of ethnic
  Russians was an excuse used by Russia when it invaded Ukraine in
  2014
• The real motive was more likely the need it felt to annex a strategically
  important territory
• Possibly Russia was prompted to do so by the likelihood of Ukraine
  becoming a member of NATO which would allow NATO troops to gain
  access to one of Russia’s most important front doors
• It was this threat that no doubt persuaded Russia to annex the whole of
  the Crimean Peninsula and to strengthen its land border with Ukraine
  by allowing troops to encroach over it

Question 62

UK military aid to Saudi Arabia

military intervention case study 3

Answer 62

• The UK and Saudi Arabia have been important allies since 1915
• In 2005 Saudi Arabia and the UK concluded a military agreement
  whereby the UK would equip Saudi Arabia with fighter planes
• Since then the UK has sold Saudi Arabia nearly 10 billion worth of
  defence equipment, and Saudi Arabia has invested 60 billion in the UK
• Over 30,000 UK nationals live and work in Saudi Arabia and it is the
  UK’s largest trading partner in the Middle East
• However:

 Saudis are mainly Sunni Muslims; supplying arms to them is seen by
Shia Muslims as the UK taking sides in the deep-rooted antagonism
between them and the Sunni
 Saudi Arabia has a very bad record with respect to human rights, most
notably free speech, women’s rights and capital punishment. Also
worrying is the claim that Saudi Arabia is the cradle of Islamist
extremism

• There is reluctance on the part of the UK government to apply too
  much pressure on human rights issues for fear of losing lucrative
  military contracts

Question 63

What are the three main concerns that have driven military intervention in the Middle East

Answer 63

• As a result of threats from Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and ISIS the
  international community have been embroiled in a military campaign
  motivated by three main concerns

o The political stability of the Middle East
o Safeguarding access to the region’s great oil reserves
o The serious abuse of human rights

Question 64

IS in Iraq & Syria

military intervention case study 4

Answer 64

• IS is an opportunistic organisation with no respect whatsoever for
  human rights
• Its roots lie in al-Qaeda’s operations in Iraq
• It took advantage of the power vacuum in Iraq created by the
  withdrawal of Allied troops from that country and the civil war in Syria
• It grabbed corridors of territory and put together what it declared as a
  Caliphate
• From there the IS waged it’s so called Jihad, or defence of Islam,
  against all other religions
• IS has pursued a strategy of annihilating minority communities – the
  victim communities include Christian Assyrians, Kurds, Shabaks,
  Turkmens and Yazdis
• A battle of minds is involved – IS is very good at using modern
  communication to brainwash, groom and recruit young Muslims to the
  ‘jihad’ – it is also very good at creating jihadist cells in distant major
  cities and activating them to kill large numbers of innocent civilians.

Question 65

Torture and rendition

case study

Answer 65

• In the age of international terrorism, the need to identify terrorists and
  their cells and to eavesdrop on their scheming has become high priority
  of most Western Countries
• Thanks to modern communication technologies, much can be done
• But there is still a need to apprehend terrorist suspects and to elicit as
  much information as possible from them

-	However, most government have signed up to the UN convention 
         against Torture (1987) which prohibits physical or mental duress being 
        used to extract a confession 

• Nevertheless, it is fairly clear the USA has done so in the wake of 9/11 –
  In which the government tracked down and imprisoned without trial
  suspects at the US base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Question 66

What 7 variables must be considered when measuring the success of geopolitical interventions

Answer 66

 Health: More citizens will be vaccinated than before and infant
mortality would have declined

 Life Expectancy: This would increase for men and women

 Education levels: Literacy

 Gender Equality: Women would be as literate as men and have access
to the same opportunities

 Freedom of Speech: Fewer restrictions on the media and opinions

 The management of Refugees: An efficient system would be
implemented

 Increases in GDP per capita: Growing wealth

Question 67

China economic growth

measuring economic growth success case study

Answer 67

• China has since made gigantic economic strides
• Today a figure of US$11212 million makes it the second largest
  economy in the world and puts it well ahead of its nearest rivals, Japan
  and Germany
• It also has huge population – its population has expanded just over a
  half since 1976 – from 0.9 to 4 billion
• Although China remains a communist country there is no doubt that a
  major factor in its economic progress has been its gradual
  involvement in the capitalist global economy
• In China, economic success has come with a price: massive
  environmental pollution – largely thanks to its expanding
  manufacturing industries, and the persistent abuse of human rights
• In 2015, the Chinese economic miracle showed first signs of slowing
  down – by this time Chinese people had come to enjoy consumerism.
  This could lead to a resurgence of widespread protests and one again,
  sharpen the focus on human rights.

Question 68

Why has development aid often not ended up being successfully inputed

Answer 68

 The inappropriateness of some forms of aid
 The siphoning of funds by corruption
 A lack of sound governance and, related to this, the civil and political
unrest that has characterised the recent histories of too many
developing countries.

Question 69

Botswana

Success of aid provision case study

Answer 69

• By African standards, Botswana is a beacon of success. It is:

o Relatively prosperous
o Politically stable
o Fairly free of corruption
o Reasonably respectful of human rights

Aid and development

• In 1966, Botswana was one of the poorest countries in the world, with a
  per capita income of just US$70 a year
• In the first few years of independence about 60% of government
  expenditure came from international aid.
• Since 1966, however, Botswana has maintained one of the world’s
  highest economic growth rates – through fiscal discipline and sound
  government Botswana had transformed itself into a middle-income
  country with a per capita of US$7500

Health

• The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana is the second highest in the
  world and threatens the country’s massive economic gains
• The UN estimates that one in three adults in Botswana is currently
  infected with HIV or has developed AIDS
• However, with overseas aid, Botswana now has in place one of the
  most advanced treatment programmes
• Thanks to economic growth, the government can afford to make anti-
  retroviral drugs readily available

Human rights

• Botswana has the reputation of speaking out against the human rights
  in Africa
• However, the same political party has been in power for over 40 years – it retains the death penalty – and continues to criminalise homosexuality.

Question 70

Emergency Aid

Answer 70

Rapid assistance given by organisations or governments to people in immediate distress following natural or man-made disasters. The aim is to relieve suffering and the aid includes such things as food and water, temporary housing and medical help.

Question 71

What 4 conflicts can be assessed for the success of military intervention

Answer 71

1. Afghanistan 2001-14
2. Syria 2011-
3. Libya 2011
4. Ukraine 2014-

Question 72

Explain the intervention and outcomes of the Afghanistan conflict of 2001-14

Answer 72

Intervention
US-led invasion following the 9/11 attacks believed to have been planned in Afghanistan. Need to counteract Taliban seizure of the country as well as address its appalling record of human rights

Outcomes
Civilian government restored in 2004, but much unrest – assassinations and suicide bombings. The USA and the UK ceased combat operations against the Taliban in 2013. Since then the Taliban has been slowly regaining territorial control

Estimated civilian deaths
149,000

Estimated refugees and Asylum seekers, 2014
2,670,000

Question 73

Explain the intervention and outcomes of the Syria conflict of 2011-

Answer 73

Intervention
Democratic uprising against the Assad regime started in 2011. Use of chemical weapons led to US-led coalition launching air strikes against Syria and IS. Joined by UK in 2015. Russia also started air strikes, but in support of Assad

Outcomes
Huge civilian causalities; Assad used chemical weapons. Mass migration of refugees into Europe. IS seized the opportunity to grab territory and extend its ‘caliphate’

Estimated civilian deaths
400,000

Estimated refugees and Asylum seekers, 2014
5,000,000

Question 74

Explain the intervention and outcomes of the Libya conflict of 2011-

Answer 74

Intervention
Libyan civil war and civilian casualties led to the UN intervention involving 19 states, a naval blockade, no-fly zone and air strikes against Gaddafi’s forces

Outcomes
Gaddafi killed, and his regime ousted. Breakdown of country into violence and disagreement. Possible IS infiltration

Estimated civilian deaths
100,000

Estimated refugees and Asylum seekers, 2014
644,000

Question 75

Explain the intervention and outcomes of the Ukraine conflict of 2014-

Answer 75

Intervention
By Russia on grounds of support for minority ethnic Russians in Ukraine. Soon evident that repossession of Crimea was the strategic target

Outcomes
By Russia on grounds of support for minority ethnic Russians in Ukraine. Soon evident that repossession of Crimea was the strategic target

Estimated civilian deaths
2,500

Question 76

Syria

military intervention case study

Answer 76

• The UN office by the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
  estimated in 2014 that 10.8 million of Syria’s 22 million people have
  either been killed or displaced from their homes by the conflict
• The UN has predicted that by the end of 2016 there could be as many
  as 4.3 million Syrian refugees living outside the country
• Most of this human cost is the outcome of armed Arab fighting armed
  Arab, with little or no heed paid to innocent civilians who happen to be
  in between
• To add to the complexity of diverse rebel groups struggling to
  overthrow President Assad’s regime, the scenario has become even
  more complicated by:

 The invasion and occupation of part Syria by IS
 Russian’s intervention in support of the Assad regime and against the
rebel groups
 The USA and its allies mounting air strikes aimed first at degrading IS
and then dislodging Assad’s regime

Question 77

Explain UN peacekeeping

Answer 77

• UN peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:

 Consent of all parties in the conflict
 Impartiality
 Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate

• UN is able to draw on troops and police from around the world to
  provide its peacekeeping forces
• Civilians are also integrated into those forces, so the costs of
  peacekeeping are shared by UN member states
• Since the end of the Cold War at the end of the 1980s, the nature of
  UN peacekeeping has changed from inner-state conflicts to intra-state
  conflicts and civil wars.
• UN peacekeepers are now asked to undertake a wide variety of
  complex tasks, from disarmament and reintegration of former
  combatants, to helping build sound governance and monitoring human
  rights.
• As of 2015, there were 16 different peacekeeping operations. Four of
  those operations are in the Middle East: nine of them in Africa.

Question 78

Ivory Coast

Peacekeeping case study

Answer 78

• The Ivory Coast gained its independence from the French colonial rule
  in 1960
• In 1999, after an attempt was made to overthrow three years of civil
  war followed between Muslims and Christians
• With no end to the conflict in sight, it was agreed that UN
  peacekeepers would be dispatched to try to bring about reconciliation
  between the two factors – and a sort of peace was achieved
• In 2010 after a resurge in the civil war a new UN peacekeeping force
  was again charged with the tasks:
   Protecting civilians
   Bringing about disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of the
  two warring factions
   Monitoring and promoting human rights
• With the help of French troops, Gbagbo and his wife were arrested and
  handed over to the international Criminal Court at the Hague and face
  criminal charged of crimes against humanity
• However, a human rights report of 2015 was highly critical of how little
  has been done in dealing with the aftermath of the 2010/11 crisis,
  particularly human rights abuses

Question 79

How does education empower women

Answer 79

Poor women are particularly vulnerable to gender biases.

Education empowers women and gives them more opportunities to make choices. It can boost their confidence and perception of freedom. It can also alter the perceptions of men influencing gender stereotypes.

In Pakistan, only 30% of women with no education believe they can have a say in the number of children they have, compared to 63% of women with lower secondary education.

Question 80

What is the life expectancy difference between men and women in the UK

Answer 80

UK 78.4 for men and 82.8 for women.

Question 81

Life expectancy in Botswana

Answer 81

In a few countries, the life expectancy situation is reversed, e.g. Botswana 56 years for men and 52.3 for women.

The key factor here is the high rate of maternal mortality (death during childbirth). The incidence of HIV/AIDS may also be a factor.

Question 82

What is the importance of economic growth in global development

Answer 82

Among the major players involved in the promotion of global development are the World Bank, WTO and IMF. Their efforts are very much focussed on economic development, seeing it as the springboard for advances on the broader front of human development.

In promoting programmes such as Structural Adjustment they have intervened in policies of individual governments, in effect cutting education and health programmes, whilst outwardly believing that they are improving the chances of economic growth.

They see economic growth as stemming from the creation of a more even and equitable playing field. Such a view relies on policies that are neo-liberal in nature – based on theories of economic liberalism in which state intervention is reduced, and the workings of the private market are left unregulated – and involve the promotion of free trade, the privatisation of state assets and services (e.g. water provision or transport), and the deregulation of financial markets (e.g. removing barriers to investment and capital).

In this way, their belief is that private wealth ‘trickles down’ through the economy, and the poorest people eventually benefit from a strengthened economy.

Question 83

What are the criticisms of the Millennial Development Goals

Answer 83

The eight MDGs failed to consider the root causes of poverty and overlooked gender inequality as well as the holistic nature of development.

The goals made no mention of human rights and did not specifically address economic development.

While the MDGs, in theory, applied to all countries, in reality they were considered targets for poor countries to achieve, with finance from wealthy states.

Misrepresentation of data - One of the criticisms that can be made about the quantitative targets which were set as part of the MDGs was that there was little consideration of underlying processes. For example, the goal to provide all children with access to universal primary education was a very important one, and international donors were particularly crucial in providing aid to governments to make primary education free.

fThis had a very positive impact on primary school enrolment. For example, in Kenya, primary school enrolment increased from 67.8% of eligible children in 2000 to 95.9% in 2013 according to Government of Kenya figures. Enrolment does not, however, indicate attendance and it also does not include information about the nature of the education.

Question 84

What are the sustainable development goals

Answer 84

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was agreed by world leaders at a summit meeting in September 2015. The agenda set out 17 Sustainable Development Goals

The new SDGs and the broader sustainability agenda go much further than the MDGs. They address the root causes of poverty and the universal need for a style of development that works for all people.

The SDGs are also connected to the three strategic focus areas of the UN Development Programme (UNDP):

Sustainable development
Democratic governance and peace building
Climate and disaster resilience

A substantial difference from the MDGs is the greater engagement with environmental aspects.

Rather than having one goal to cover environmental sustainability, there is now a range of goals including SDG 14 and 15 on terrestrial ecosystem protection, SDG 12 on sustainable consumption and production, and SDGs 6 and 7 on sustainable water and energy provision.

There is a much clearer recognition of the need to bring together environment, economic and social dimensions to achieve sustainable development.

Question 85

What are the issues with the Sustainable Development Goals

Answer 85

Some countries feel that an agenda consisting of 17 goals is too unwieldy to implement or sell to the public, and would prefer a narrower brief. Some NGOs also believe there are too many goals, but there is a general consensus that it is better to have 17 goals that include targets on women’s empowerment, good governance, and peace and security, for example, than fewer goals that don’t address these issues.

The SDGs are not legally binding. Governments are expected to take ownership to establish national frameworks for the achievement of the Goals, and then follow-up and review the progress made in implementing them.

Question 86

Egalitarian

Answer 86

believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Question 87

Inalienability

Answer 87

Human rights are inalienable: they cannot be taken away by others, nor can one give them up voluntarily.

Question 88

Indivisibility

Answer 88

Human rights are indivisible in two senses. First, there is no hierarchy among different kinds of rights. Civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights are all equally necessary for a life of dignity.

Second, some rights cannot be suppressed in order to promote others. Civil and political rights may not be violated to promote economic, social and cultural rights. Nor can economic, social and cultural rights be suppressed to promote civil and political rights.

Question 89

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Answer 89

which scores each country on how corrupt its public sector is seen to be. It measures the perceived level of public sector corruption and so it is a qualitative measure.

There are few reliable measures of corruption. By its very nature, corruption prefers to remain hidden from public scrutiny and mostly does so successfully.

In 2015, 68 per cent of the 168 countries surveyed – including developed, emerging and developing countries – had serious corruption problems (score under 50). Between 2012-2015 Greece, Senegal and the UK reduced their levels of corruption, but in Australia, Brazil, Libya, Spain and Turkey corruption increased, as did conflict areas such as Sudan, Somalia and Afghanistan

Question 90

US trade embargo against

Answer 90

US trade embargo against Cuba (condemned by the UN), imposed in the 1960 after Fidel Castro’s takeover and support of communism, costs the country an estimated US$685 million a year and restricts its development.

However, the USA also loses as a result of the embargo – an estimated US$1.2 billion a year. In 2016 President Obama called for the embargo to be lifted.

Question 91

Where do most militant attacks occur

Answer 91

90% of militant attacks happening in countries with weak governments and poor human rights records

Question 92

How much Military Aid does the USA contribute

Answer 92

The USA is the largest contributor of military aid to other countries. It provides some form of military aid to over 150 countries each year.

Much of this aid is given to protect US interests and security abroad. For example, in 2014, over US$1.3 billion in military aid was given to Egypt, in part to help it fight the so-called Islamic State (ISIS).

Question 93

Example of indirect military action

Answer 93

In 2017 British army personnel were training Nigerian forces to help them improve the country’s security and fight the Islamist militant group, Boko Haram

Question 94

World Bank contribution to Benin

Answer 94

in 2015, the World Bank gave Benin in West Africa (166th in global HDI rankings) US$40 million to help with infrastructure improvements, flood-recovery schemes and flood-protection measures.

Question 95

Example of the strict world bank conditions

Answer 95

Uganda (163rd in global HD I rankings) had to meet 197 separate conditions before it was granted World Bank funding.

Question 96

Malaria

Answer 96

Despite advances in the fight against the disease, malaria remains the world’s number one killer - up to 2 million people still die each year from malaria.

However, as a result of international aid programmes, the global rate of new infections fell by 37% between 2000 and 2015, and mortality rates also fell by 60%.

In 2000, efforts focused on achieving the UN Millennium Development Goals, targeted the reduction – and eventual elimination – of malaria. Donor nations increased their funding to provide:

1. Free insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN), so that over half of the population of sub-Saharan Africa had access to an ITN by 2014, compared to just 2% in 2000.
2. Free access to new medicines
3. Better and more widely available diagnosis
4. Draining the swampy areas where the Anopheles mosquito (carrier of the disease) breeds, or spraying those areas
   with DDT or similar chemicals

The UN estimates that 6.2 million deaths from malaria have been prevented since 2000.

An important player in improving health and healthcare is education. Teaching basics such as personal hygiene and the critical need for safe water and proper sanitation can do so much to contain killer contagious diseases such as cholera and typhoid.

Question 97

Impact of MDG stimulus

Answer 97

Thanks to the stimulus provided by the MDGs, the number of people living in extreme poverty has declined from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 836 million in 2015. 15% of the population still live on less than US$1.25 a day.

Human development aid can only do so much; the pathway out of poverty and hunger comes from economic development.

By 2014, over US$30 million of aid money was being targeted specifically at programmes with gender equality as their main, or significant, aim.As a result, there have been some notable successes.

Maternal mortality rates have fallen, particularly as a result of the Millennium Development Goals., with a 44% decline in global maternal death rates since 1990. More girls are also receiving an education.

Question 98

Example of change in aid dependence

Answer 98

Aid dependence in Mozambique fell from 67% in 1992 to 12% in 2014.

Question 99

Number of ISIS terror attacks

Answer 99

Since declaring its caliphate in June 2014, IS has conducted or inspired more than 140 terrorist attacks in 29 countries other than Iraq or Syria.

Question 100

Changes in opinion on Aid in America

Answer 100

51% of Americans surveyed in 2016 said that they felt the USA gave too much aid to developing countries. So, it’s important for governments, IGOs and NGOs to show that the interventions work.

Question 101

Success of AID in Afghanistan

Answer 101

USA cited human development indicators as proof that their aid programmes and military presence had been a success. For example, they mentioned that there had been a 14-fold increase in the number of schools and increase in Afghan life expectancy of over 20 years.

Question 102

Aid to Nigeria

Answer 102

• Voluntary aid – can be short term emergency relief or long term development assistance
• 2009 – 2013 : 60 million mosquito nets distributed. The most successful projects are community based
• UK gives US$300 million year of aid. Receives 4% of aid given to Africa
• Problems include government corruption, government diverting money, donors have political influence

Impacts of Development in Nigeria

‐Rated 152/187 countries in terms of HDI. Improving and is increasing quickly
‐New jobs mean more income and increased quality of life
‐Large differences between north and south; rural and urban; educated and uneducated
‐Poor access to safe water, sanitation and reliable electricity supply
‐Oil wealth not used effectively.
‐Overdependence on oil may be an issue as oil prices fall and new technology such as fracking develop
‐Challenges include continuing stable government, pollution of Niger delta, tsetse fly affecting commercial
livestock, desertification, religious conflict between north and south, Boko Harem extremist group

Question 103

Nigeria basic statstics

Answer 103

West Africa, North of the Equator
• Nigeria is a former colony of the UK

• Largest population of Africa – 184 million  (4th largest in the world after India, China and 
the USA (320 pred million by 2040.)

• NEE – 3rd largest manufacturing economy in Africa
• Largest economy in Africa

• Rich in oil (makes 75 per cent of government money), but the rapid economic growth (over 7 per cent per year since 2009) mostly in the non‐oil sector; increasing amounts of
money from manufacturing & services.

• Youthful educated population – skilled workers for manufacturing & services

• But, it has 1/4 of Africa’s extreme poor people, 100+ women die every day from
complications during pregnancy and childbirth. 2,000+ children under 5 die every day
from preventable diseases and 8.5 million children do not go to school (most in world)