regenerating places Flashcards
1
Q
What is regeneration?
A
The process of improving a rural/urban place by making positive changes
2
Q
What is redevelopment?
A
Demolishing derelict buildings to build new ones
3
Q
What is renewal?
A
Improving existing buildings and areas
4
Q
What is re-imaging?
A
Changing the image of a place through redesign and publicity
5
Q
What is the LDDC’s flagship project?
A
Canary Wharf
6
Q
What is London’s second CBD?
A
Canary Wharf
7
Q
What replaced docks and industry in Canary Wharf?
A
high rise office buildings
8
Q
What was the economic aim of the LDDC flagship project?
A
- to create high earning jobs
- high earners would generate other jobs in a ‘trickle down’ effect to poorer communities
9
Q
What are examples of companies in Canary Wharf?
A
Barclays and HSBC
10
Q
How many commuters travel to Canary Wharf everyday?
A
100,000 commuters
11
Q
What percentage of Newham’s population earned less than £7 an hour in 2012?
A
27%
12
Q
What new transport developments were created in Canary Wharf?
A
- extending the Jubilee Line
- Crossrail (Elizabeth Line)
- DLR
13
Q
What was built 5km from Canary Wharf?
A
London City Airport
14
Q
How has the population transformed in Canary Wharf?
A
- many older people have moved out, retiring to Essex coast
- replaced by much younger generation
15
Q
What was the average age in Newham in 2011?
A
31
16
Q
What was the average age in the UK in 2011?
A
40
17
Q
What is London’s most ethnically diverse borough?
A
Newham
18
Q
What was the Right to Buy scheme?
A
gave those living in council housing the right to buy it at a reduced price
19
Q
What borough had the lowest average life expectancy in London and what was it in 2012?
A
Tower Hamlets, 77 years
20
Q
What percentage of children live in poverty in Hackney?
A
28%
21
Q
What is the poverty rate in Newham?
A
37%
22
Q
What percentage of working residents are low paid in Newham?
A
36%
23
Q
What are centripetal forces?
A
- forces that tend to unite or bind a community together
- e.g. family ties, a sense of community
24
Q
What are centrifugal forces?
A
- forces that pull people apart
- e.g. globalisation, employment changes, inward migration
25
How has globalisation affected London?
- global shift meant manufacturing moved away from London
- containerisation badly affected Docklands
- population characteristics changed (more diverse)
- break up of communities and families
26
What percentage of those in London worked high income jobs in 1951?
18%
27
What percentage of those in London worked high income jobs in 2011?
31%
28
What has helped revitalise many places in London
- inward migration
- gentrification
- regeneration
29
How have newcomers displaced existing residents in London?
due to rising house prices and rents
30
What are examples of quantitative research?
- Quality of life surveys
- Area profiling
31
What are examples of qualitative research?
- Photographs
- Interviews and anecdotal histories
32
What is economic activity?
activity if making, providing, purchasing or selling goods or services
33
What is the primary sector?
Low paid, manual work (agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing)
34
What is the secondary sector?
Low paid, manual work (manufacturing)
35
What is the tertiary sector?
Ranges from minimum wage to high paid professionals (retail, services, office work)
36
What is the quaternary sector?
Jobs in research, development and high tech industries (Scientific Research, ICT)
37
What percentage of people worked in the primary sector in the uk in 1841?
22%
38
What percentage of people worked in the secondary sector in the uk in 1841?
36%
39
What percentage of people worked in the tertiary sector in the uk in 1841?
33%
40
What percentage of people worked in the secondary sector in the uk in 2011?
9%
41
What percentage of people worked in the primary sector in the uk in 2011?
1%
42
What percentage of people worked in the tertiary sector in the uk in 2011?
81%
43
What are the quality of life indices?
- health
- life expectancy
- levels of education
44
How many workers were the in the UK in 2015?
32 million workers
45
What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
Uses statistics of income, employment, health deprivation, disability, education, housing, crime and environment quality to produce an index reflecting the overall quality of life
46
How many people were unemployed in the UK in 2015?
1.85 million
47
What is the Rust Belt?
- Midwest USA
- Deindustrialisation due to = shrinking industry, globalisation, automation, steel and coal decline
48
How much has the population in Detroit declined since 1950?
50%
49
What is the Clarke Fisher Model?
Used to represent changes in employment during the 'pre-industrial', 'industrial' and 'post-industrial' periods.
50
What was the UK pre-industrial stage?
1450-1750
51
What was the Uk industrial stage?
1800-1960
52
What was the UK post-industrial stage?
1960-present
53
Why is Sydney an example of a successful region?
- very strong economy
- high incomes
- attractive for business
54
Why is Sydney not an example of a sucessful region?
- very high cost of living
- property prices have risen largely
- relatively high levels of deprivation in western suburbs
55
What are causes of economic inequality?
Employment opportunities, type of work and income
56
What are causes of social inequality?
Segregation of people and marginalisation or exclusion of subgroups
57
What are causes of service inequality?
- Health facilities
- Public transport
- Food may be unequally available and accessed (healthy food)
58
What are causes of environmental inequality?
Pollution levels, derelict land and access to open space have impacts on people's well being
59
What are factors impacting engagement?
- Age/Gender
- Ethnicity
- Sense of membership
- Influence
- Residency time
- Deprivation
60
What are causes of regeneration conflict?
- Inequality
- ethnic tensions
- lack of political engagement
- rural/urban divide
61
What is the HS2?
build over 300 miles of high-speed railway to regenerate multiple regions of the UK
62
What were the positives of HS2?
- 25,000 jobs
- greater connectedness for 30m people
- £92bn benefit after construction
63
What were the conflicts of HS2?
- local people and environmentalists against plan
- £56bn cost
- concerns that it doesn't solve the issue of London-centricity
64
What is the Northern Powerhouse?
- chancellor George Osbourne in 2014
- Believed more economic/physical (HS2) connections would provide growth
65
What is the ONS?
Office for National Statistics - responsible for holding/gathering a wide range of data on the UK
66
What is Place?
Geographical space shaped by individuals/ communities over time
67
What are endogenous (originate from within) factors that affect a places character?
- land use
- topography (relief of land)
- physical geography
- infrastructure
- location
68
What are exogenous (originate from outside) factors that affect a places character?
- people
- resources
- money + investment
- ideas
69
What quantitative data can be used to determine the need for regeneration?
- unemployment levels
- IMD score
- environmental quality surveys
70
What qualitative data can be used to determine the need for regeneration?
- interviews with local residents
- questionnaires
71
What are the four main place functions?
- administrative
- commercial
- retail
- industrial
72
What factors can affect a places function?
rapidly changing due to internet and broadband and changing customer habits
73
What are processes?
The movement of people, capital, information and resources
74
What are the two aims of regeneration?
- to tackle inequalities in either rural or urban areas
- to make places more economically productive
75
What is gentrification?
Renovation of older/deteriorating buildings or areas with the aim of attracting high-income individuals or elite businesses to a place
76
What is studentification?
Refers to the process of social, environmental and economic change affected by large numbers of students invading particular areas of the cities and towns in which popular universities are located
77
What are the reasons for decline in the Rust Belt?
- Globalisation and outsourcing of many industries to low-wage Asian countries (global shift)
- High paying manufacturing jobs, notably in the car industry, vanished and the workers went with them
78
What is the illiteracy level in Detroit in 2011?
47%
79
What is the negative multiplier effect?
A downwards cycle where economic conditions produce less spending and less incentive for businesses, which then further reduces opportunities
80
What are impacts of Rural Decline?
- Falling Employment in Farming and other Primary Sectors
- Out-migration of young people
- Ageing rural populations
- Decline in rural services,
- A shift in economic activity towards services (leisure and tourism)
81
What are commuter villages?
- Settlements where a large proportion of population regularly commute into larger cities
- They lack services as commuters don't need shops, schools etc.
82
What are sink estates?
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gang warfare
83
What's the most common way to measure engagement?
Election turnout
84
What did government policy deregulation lead to?
- huge increase in financial services
- drove regeneration of London Docklands
85
What is the average wage in Cornwall?
£12,300
86
What are enterprise zones?
Designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and government support
87
What is a flagship project?
Where one specific eye catching project is used to drive regeneration
88
What are the benefits of the Eden Project?
- 925,000 visitors 2012
- £1bn to local economy
- 450 permanent jobs
- 2,500 local suppliers supported
- Redeveloped brownfield site
- 20% transit used is public transport
89
What are the costs of the Eden Project?
- Conflict between tourists and locals
- Many jobs were short term (builders) and low pay
- 13% traffic hike = air pollution and congestion
- Running at £6.3m loss
- Increase in littering issues
90
How can Economic Success of regeneration be measured?
- Employment
- Income
- Poverty
91
How can Social Success of regeneration be measured?
- Inequality
- Demographic changes
92
How can Environmental Success of regeneration be measured?
- Environmental Survey
- Photos
93
How many new houses were built in Londons East End?
50,000
94
What are Cornwall's problems with tourism?
- the economy is not diverse and is heavily reliant on the tourism industry
- jobs from tourism are mostly seasonal and low paid
95
Why has Cornwall experienced economic decline?
- lack of employment and training opportunities has caused large scale emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge (brain drain)
96
What percentage of young people have left Cornwall in search of better opportunities?
over 50%
97
What is heritage?
Characteristics that have been passed down by people or places over many years
98
How does Media promote regeneration?
- Positive news stories and public relations during regeneration to get an area known
- Advertising in newspapers and online
- The use of logos and slogans to project an image to the outside world
99
What are negative effects of government policy - immigration?
An open-door immigration may have economic benefits but it also creates demand for new houses.
100
What are negative effects of government policy - deregulation?
40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens
- these properties may not be lived in, or even rented
101
What are negative effects of government policy - second homes?
In some rural areas a large percentage of houses may not be available to local people.
102
How are levels of engagement influenced by age?
Young people may feel less attached to their place due to globalisation, and use of social media.
103
How are levels of engagement influenced by length of residence?
New migrants and students may have weaker attachments than longstanding locals
104
How are levels of engagement influenced by levels of deprivation?
Higher levels may be associated with anti-establishment views; those in temporary accommodation or rented housing may feel less attachment than owner-occupiers
105
How are levels of engagement influenced by ethnicity?
Non-whites may differ in their views due to local antipathy or acceptance, may link to length of residence
106
Why do sink estates require regeneration?
- Poor quality should be demolished and replaced by high quality homes
- Facilities and infrastructure also need to be upgraded
