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health & human rights Flashcards

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1
Q

How is GDP and GDP per capita a measurement of development?

A
  • these are measurements of wealth through income
  • it can represent a productive and rich workforce
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2
Q

What could skew GDP per capita measurements?

A

by very rich minorities with high incomes

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3
Q

How is life expectancy a measure of development?

A
  • It is an estimate of how long a person will live
  • Based off of current services, disease etc.
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4
Q

How is literacy rates a measurement of development?

A
  • Quality of education which correlates to economic output
  • Well educated workforce tends to earn higher wages
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5
Q

How is infant mortality rate a measurement of development?

A
  • Quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children
  • It is important as infants are the most vulnerable member of society, so more prone to malnutrition or disease
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6
Q

What is a complex indice?

A

Measures more than one factor to measure development

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7
Q

What are some examples of complex indices?

A
  • happy planet index
  • KOF index of globalisation
  • World happiness index
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8
Q

How do large economies explain trends of development?

A

A larger economy tends to mean advancing technology, (quaternary industry) resulting in a high GDP per capita which generally correlates with development

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9
Q

How do well structured towns and cities correlate with development?

A

Cities with strong infrastructure, transport links, clean water supply, electricity and food to households

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10
Q

What type of education tends to correlate with developed countries?

A

Free education systems, opportunities to progress onto further education or into employment and apprenticeships

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11
Q

Who are the top 3 highest scorers on the HDI?

A

Norway, Switzerland and Hong Kong

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12
Q

Who are the top 3 lowest scorers on the HDI?

A

Niger, CAR, South Sudan

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13
Q

Why doesn’t the top countries on the Happy planet index correlate with those on the HDI?

A

Trends in HPI are more complex to explain as each country varies in lifestyle, physical and human geography, and government styles

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14
Q

How can we explain costa rica to be the highest scorer on the HPI scale?

A
  • Abolished its army, spent defence budget on education, health provisions and pensions
  • Government taxes all fossil fuel use, spends tax to protect tropical rainforest
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15
Q

Why may literacy rates be unreliable?

A
  • Since the country measures it rather than an independent organisation
  • They may skew the results for a variety of reasons
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16
Q

How might the definition of development be changing?

A
  • Historically it was correlated with a strong economy, as they could invest more etc.
  • Hans Rosling believes it correlates with life expectancy and health
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17
Q

What is democracy?

A

A system of government which the ‘people’ run, as each member votes in a party

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18
Q

What is capitalism?

A

An economic system where industry is owned by private businesses and are run to make profit, not to be run by the state

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19
Q

What is ‘Western’ development?

A
  • Westernised equal rights, democracy, capitalism
  • Many have arguments against this due to inequalities but the hegemony of the US has kept opinions high
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20
Q

Why might some nations not want to adopt Western ideas?

A
  • For religious and cultural reasons
  • Unsustainable lifestyles
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21
Q

How are Western lifestyles unsustainable

A

They consume large amounts of food, water, energy creating high GHG emissions

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22
Q

What are two countries which coincide with Islamic Shari’a law?

A
  • Saudi Arabia and Iran
  • This is a form of governance where law and religion combine, unlike Western countries
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23
Q

What is secularisation?

A

Decline in influence of religion

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24
Q

What is a major difference in views of a country which uses Shari’a law in comparison to Western nations?

A
  • Women’s role in society
  • marriage and inheritance
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25
Q

Why is Shari’a law controversial?

A
  • Due to human rights abuses such as the death penalty
  • Women’s rights and roles in society differ from those values in the West
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26
Q

Why does Saudi Arabia still score highly in the worlds economy?

A

oil wealth

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27
Q

What is communism?

A

an economic system whereby the state owns all means of production with no private enterprise, no competition between business

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28
Q

In relation to economic growth, why has communism generally failed?

A
  • Little economic growth in nations
  • Due to the lack of FDI or competition between nations
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29
Q

Was there still inequality within communist nations?

A
  • Yes, wages were decided by bureaucratic officials
  • They lived a more lavish lifestyle at the top
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30
Q

What are the differences between authoritarian and democratic states?

A

Authoritarian states have one group or leader who makes all decisions

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31
Q

What are some examples of North Korean human rights abuses?

A
  • Persecution of the government without a fair trial
  • Execution and torture of prisoners
  • Locals can’t travel outside their own border
  • Kim Jon Un ‘Supreme leader’, a dictator holds all power
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32
Q

What are some examples of Myanmar human rights abuses?

A
  • Persecution of Rohingya Muslims, torture and murder
  • Limited freedom of speech, journalists imprisoned regularly
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33
Q

What is the quality of healthcare in developing countries?

A
  • Poor healthcare services
  • Low development means less capital to invest in healthcare
  • People may have to travel to cities for healthcare, which may be poorly equipped anyway
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34
Q

How does overcrowding in developing nations increase the spread of diseases causing poor health?

A

It will increase tropical illness, since contagion can pass easily between houses

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35
Q

Who does disease tend to affect more in any nation despite development?

A
  • Vulnerable populations
  • This explains higher death rates for elderly and young children / infants (Maternal mortality rate etc.)
36
Q

What is successful development of a country dependent on?

A
  • Good levels of health, influences productivity
37
Q

Why are large cities in developed nations still vulnerable to disease?

A

Due to large population density and high net movement of people daily

37
Q

Which ‘Western’ style nation has the best lifestyle for longevity?

A

Japan, which has the longest living people, with good diets and lifestyle

38
Q

Why is developing nations having a disposable income an important aspect of improving health?

A
  • Allows them to spend more to improve a healthy lifestyle
  • Such as, gym membership, central heating, dishwashers
  • This improves health and increases life expectancy
39
Q

How can lifestyle choices in the West contribute to poorer health?

A
  • Smoking, alcohol consumption, and excessive saturated fats in diet
  • This reduces life expectancy due to these poor diets
  • High rates of diabetes and cancer in Western nations adds strain to healthcare services
40
Q

What effect does extreme weather events have on health in Western nations?

A

They can heighten illness, isolate vulnerable individuals and put pressure on supplies of water and food

41
Q

How does changing employment influence the health within a nation?

A

More people become employed in tertiary and quaternary industries, therefore fewer people have physically demanding jobs

42
Q

How does increasing wealth within a nation influence health within a nation?

A

Households earn more on average, so can spend more on improving their lifestyle

43
Q

How has fewer risks to life influenced health within a nation?

A

Stricter health and safety regulations, improved vaccinations, improved knowledge on consequences of drinking, smoking etc.

43
Q

How has economic decline influenced health divide in the UK?

A
  • Deindustrialisation, sudden unemployment and deprivation, drug usage, less money to spend on health
  • Ex-mining towns in the UK are good examples of this, who have some of the lowest life expectancies in the UK
44
Q

How has culture in the UK influenced health?

A
  • Traditionally, men would finish their day at work with a pint or a smoke at the pub
  • This culture leads to a decline in health
45
Q

Is there potential health inequality between genders?

A

Men traditionally worked in hands on dangerous jobs, such as mines, which influences average life expectancy, but this is particularly in the past

46
Q

Why might indigenous and minority communities have the lowest levels of life expectancy?

A
  • Limited provisions in accordance with their culture
  • Physical isolation from services
47
Q

Why is education one of the most important factors influencing development?

A

Different levels of education can have implications on many other factors

48
Q

What does an expanding quaternary industry require?

A

Young, high skilled and educated in certain respects such as STEM subjects

49
Q

What is the predominant reason causing a lack of access to education?

A

Gender inequality, due to religious reasons or tradition, deeming girls aren’t capable to keep up with boys

50
Q

What is a welfare state?

A

They aim to provide a stable economy by providing for the unemployed or disadvantaged

51
Q

How do totalitarian regimes improve social development?

A
  • focus on political and military enforcement
  • aim to gain wealth through streamlining services and being as efficient as possible
  • greater job opportunities and indirectly helping the poor
52
Q

How do IGOs improve social development?

A
  • They focus on economic development and rebuilding
  • The IMF, WTO and WB all have the same aims which have made them successful in globalisation
53
Q

What is a criticism of IGOs?

A

IGOs have helped TNCs succeed, whilst widening inequality between rich and poor

54
Q

What do the UN focus on doing?

A

Protecting human rights, peace and security, and social advancement

55
Q

What were the Millennium development goals?

A

Put in place as a framework for development for emerging countries

56
Q

What were the MDGs replaced by?

A

the Sustainable development goals in 2015

57
Q

How did the MDGs succeed?

A

People living on 1.25 dollars has halved

58
Q

How did the MDGs fail?

A

1 in 8 still remain in hunger and malnourishment

59
Q

What is the Universal declaration of human rights?

A

An international document that states basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled

60
Q

What type of country has limited usage of the UDHR?

A

Authoritarian

61
Q

What has the UDHR been criticised for?

A

favouring Western values, trying to change traditional cultures

62
Q

What is the European Convention on Human Rights?

A

An international treaty, similar to the UDHR, which promotes democracy, integration and freedom

63
Q

What is the Geneva convention?

A

A set of international laws that apply in war

63
Q

What do some believe about the ECHR?

A
  • That it undermines national sovereignty with the European court overruling the decisions of national courts
64
Q

What does the Geneva convention protect?

A

They protect civilians, wounded armed forces, prisoners of war, shipwrecked navy forces

65
Q

What percentage of global GDP is spent corruptly?

A

5%

66
Q

How does corruption shift development?

A

Money lost to corruption could instead be spent on provision of services and infrastructure, which could improve health, business, economy, improve safety and reduce crime

67
Q

How does corruption threaten human rights enforcement?

A

Politicians may exploit their people to remain in power or businesses bribe the government to exploit workers or environment

68
Q

How does corruption drive inequality?

A

Political corruption impacts the poorest people in society

69
Q

What is development aid?

A

It is usually provided to poorer countries in the form of a subsidy to support growth and development

70
Q

What are trade embargos?

A

Restrictions on a specific country against the movement of goods or people

71
Q

What is Military aid?

A

usually supports a country through investment or weapons to assist them in the defence of their country rather than for those who wish to impose conflict

72
Q

What is disaster aid?

A

Given following a natural disaster or threats due to CC

73
Q

Where is disaster aid primarily given?

A

In the Caribbean, Asian or Oceanic countries as they receive the most natural disasters

74
Q

What may countries do if another nations corruption rate is very high?

A

Aid is removed or reduced to force change

75
Q

What was the IMF resorted to as a policy in Africa in order to boost development?

A
  • ‘Trade not aid’
  • because aid has not really improved infrastructure, quality of life or the economy in the long term
76
Q

When do political interventions mainly occur?

A

When it is beneficial to a nation in an effort or maintain their power in a region, or to uphold their ideology

77
Q

What short term impacts does military action have on the economy?

A

Countries experiencing intervention have become more unstable and so any foreign investment may be deterred or lost

78
Q

What might military intervention be important for?

A

Necessary to remove corrupt governments and politicians, which can lead to an increased development in the future

79
Q

How does aid and intervention help development?

A
  • UN peacekeepers can help build infrastructure, schools, hospitals etc.
  • Political stability after military intervention can lead to reconstruction and economic growth
80
Q

How does aid and intervention hinder development?

A
  • Governments may become reliant on help, and won’t invest in their own interventions
  • Conflict will destroy facilities & infrastructure, increasing a countries debt
81
Q

How does Aid and intervention help human rights?

A
  • Direct military action can remove authoritarian powers, hence enabling to improve and develop
  • Immediate medical support will reduce fatalities and improve wellbeing
  • Some conflicts can be avoided and threats reduced by military presence
82
Q

How does aid and intervention hinder human rights?

A
  • Military influence is limited in how they can influence a populations culture or ideology, they can’t stop arranged marriages or discrimination
  • Direct military intervention can lead to a loss of of protection of human rights

human geography (3 decks)

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