health & human rights Flashcards
1
Q
How is GDP and GDP per capita a measurement of development?
A
- these are measurements of wealth through income
- it can represent a productive and rich workforce
2
Q
What could skew GDP per capita measurements?
A
by very rich minorities with high incomes
3
Q
How is life expectancy a measure of development?
A
- It is an estimate of how long a person will live
- Based off of current services, disease etc.
4
Q
How is literacy rates a measurement of development?
A
- Quality of education which correlates to economic output
- Well educated workforce tends to earn higher wages
5
Q
How is infant mortality rate a measurement of development?
A
- Quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children
- It is important as infants are the most vulnerable member of society, so more prone to malnutrition or disease
6
Q
What is a complex indice?
A
Measures more than one factor to measure development
7
Q
What are some examples of complex indices?
A
- happy planet index
- KOF index of globalisation
- World happiness index
8
Q
How do large economies explain trends of development?
A
A larger economy tends to mean advancing technology, (quaternary industry) resulting in a high GDP per capita which generally correlates with development
9
Q
How do well structured towns and cities correlate with development?
A
Cities with strong infrastructure, transport links, clean water supply, electricity and food to households
10
Q
What type of education tends to correlate with developed countries?
A
Free education systems, opportunities to progress onto further education or into employment and apprenticeships
11
Q
Who are the top 3 highest scorers on the HDI?
A
Norway, Switzerland and Hong Kong
12
Q
Who are the top 3 lowest scorers on the HDI?
A
Niger, CAR, South Sudan
13
Q
Why doesn’t the top countries on the Happy planet index correlate with those on the HDI?
A
Trends in HPI are more complex to explain as each country varies in lifestyle, physical and human geography, and government styles
14
Q
How can we explain costa rica to be the highest scorer on the HPI scale?
A
- Abolished its army, spent defence budget on education, health provisions and pensions
- Government taxes all fossil fuel use, spends tax to protect tropical rainforest
15
Q
Why may literacy rates be unreliable?
A
- Since the country measures it rather than an independent organisation
- They may skew the results for a variety of reasons
16
Q
How might the definition of development be changing?
A
- Historically it was correlated with a strong economy, as they could invest more etc.
- Hans Rosling believes it correlates with life expectancy and health
17
Q
What is democracy?
A
A system of government which the ‘people’ run, as each member votes in a party
18
Q
What is capitalism?
A
An economic system where industry is owned by private businesses and are run to make profit, not to be run by the state
19
Q
What is ‘Western’ development?
A
- Westernised equal rights, democracy, capitalism
- Many have arguments against this due to inequalities but the hegemony of the US has kept opinions high
20
Q
Why might some nations not want to adopt Western ideas?
A
- For religious and cultural reasons
- Unsustainable lifestyles
21
Q
How are Western lifestyles unsustainable
A
They consume large amounts of food, water, energy creating high GHG emissions
22
Q
What are two countries which coincide with Islamic Shari’a law?
A
- Saudi Arabia and Iran
- This is a form of governance where law and religion combine, unlike Western countries
23
Q
What is secularisation?
A
Decline in influence of religion
24
Q
What is a major difference in views of a country which uses Shari’a law in comparison to Western nations?
A
- Women’s role in society
- marriage and inheritance
25
Why is Shari'a law controversial?
- Due to human rights abuses such as the death penalty
- Women's rights and roles in society differ from those values in the West
26
Why does Saudi Arabia still score highly in the worlds economy?
oil wealth
27
What is communism?
an economic system whereby the state owns all means of production with no private enterprise, no competition between business
28
In relation to economic growth, why has communism generally failed?
- Little economic growth in nations
- Due to the lack of FDI or competition between nations
29
Was there still inequality within communist nations?
- Yes, wages were decided by bureaucratic officials
- They lived a more lavish lifestyle at the top
30
What are the differences between authoritarian and democratic states?
Authoritarian states have one group or leader who makes all decisions
31
What are some examples of North Korean human rights abuses?
- Persecution of the government without a fair trial
- Execution and torture of prisoners
- Locals can't travel outside their own border
- Kim Jon Un 'Supreme leader', a dictator holds all power
32
What are some examples of Myanmar human rights abuses?
- Persecution of Rohingya Muslims, torture and murder
- Limited freedom of speech, journalists imprisoned regularly
33
What is the quality of healthcare in developing countries?
- Poor healthcare services
- Low development means less capital to invest in healthcare
- People may have to travel to cities for healthcare, which may be poorly equipped anyway
34
How does overcrowding in developing nations increase the spread of diseases causing poor health?
It will increase tropical illness, since contagion can pass easily between houses
35
Who does disease tend to affect more in any nation despite development?
- Vulnerable populations
- This explains higher death rates for elderly and young children / infants (Maternal mortality rate etc.)
36
What is successful development of a country dependent on?
- Good levels of health, influences productivity
37
Why are large cities in developed nations still vulnerable to disease?
Due to large population density and high net movement of people daily
37
Which 'Western' style nation has the best lifestyle for longevity?
Japan, which has the longest living people, with good diets and lifestyle
38
Why is developing nations having a disposable income an important aspect of improving health?
- Allows them to spend more to improve a healthy lifestyle
- Such as, gym membership, central heating, dishwashers
- This improves health and increases life expectancy
39
How can lifestyle choices in the West contribute to poorer health?
- Smoking, alcohol consumption, and excessive saturated fats in diet
- This reduces life expectancy due to these poor diets
- High rates of diabetes and cancer in Western nations adds strain to healthcare services
40
What effect does extreme weather events have on health in Western nations?
They can heighten illness, isolate vulnerable individuals and put pressure on supplies of water and food
41
How does changing employment influence the health within a nation?
More people become employed in tertiary and quaternary industries, therefore fewer people have physically demanding jobs
42
How does increasing wealth within a nation influence health within a nation?
Households earn more on average, so can spend more on improving their lifestyle
43
How has fewer risks to life influenced health within a nation?
Stricter health and safety regulations, improved vaccinations, improved knowledge on consequences of drinking, smoking etc.
43
How has economic decline influenced health divide in the UK?
- Deindustrialisation, sudden unemployment and deprivation, drug usage, less money to spend on health
- Ex-mining towns in the UK are good examples of this, who have some of the lowest life expectancies in the UK
44
How has culture in the UK influenced health?
- Traditionally, men would finish their day at work with a pint or a smoke at the pub
- This culture leads to a decline in health
45
Is there potential health inequality between genders?
Men traditionally worked in hands on dangerous jobs, such as mines, which influences average life expectancy, but this is particularly in the past
46
Why might indigenous and minority communities have the lowest levels of life expectancy?
- Limited provisions in accordance with their culture
- Physical isolation from services
47
Why is education one of the most important factors influencing development?
Different levels of education can have implications on many other factors
48
What does an expanding quaternary industry require?
Young, high skilled and educated in certain respects such as STEM subjects
49
What is the predominant reason causing a lack of access to education?
Gender inequality, due to religious reasons or tradition, deeming girls aren't capable to keep up with boys
50
What is a welfare state?
They aim to provide a stable economy by providing for the unemployed or disadvantaged
51
How do totalitarian regimes improve social development?
- focus on political and military enforcement
- aim to gain wealth through streamlining services and being as efficient as possible
- greater job opportunities and indirectly helping the poor
52
How do IGOs improve social development?
- They focus on economic development and rebuilding
- The IMF, WTO and WB all have the same aims which have made them successful in globalisation
53
What is a criticism of IGOs?
IGOs have helped TNCs succeed, whilst widening inequality between rich and poor
54
What do the UN focus on doing?
Protecting human rights, peace and security, and social advancement
55
What were the Millennium development goals?
Put in place as a framework for development for emerging countries
56
What were the MDGs replaced by?
the Sustainable development goals in 2015
57
How did the MDGs succeed?
People living on 1.25 dollars has halved
58
How did the MDGs fail?
1 in 8 still remain in hunger and malnourishment
59
What is the Universal declaration of human rights?
An international document that states basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled
60
What type of country has limited usage of the UDHR?
Authoritarian
61
What has the UDHR been criticised for?
favouring Western values, trying to change traditional cultures
62
What is the European Convention on Human Rights?
An international treaty, similar to the UDHR, which promotes democracy, integration and freedom
63
What is the Geneva convention?
A set of international laws that apply in war
63
What do some believe about the ECHR?
- That it undermines national sovereignty with the European court overruling the decisions of national courts
64
What does the Geneva convention protect?
They protect civilians, wounded armed forces, prisoners of war, shipwrecked navy forces
65
What percentage of global GDP is spent corruptly?
5%
66
How does corruption shift development?
Money lost to corruption could instead be spent on provision of services and infrastructure, which could improve health, business, economy, improve safety and reduce crime
67
How does corruption threaten human rights enforcement?
Politicians may exploit their people to remain in power or businesses bribe the government to exploit workers or environment
68
How does corruption drive inequality?
Political corruption impacts the poorest people in society
69
What is development aid?
It is usually provided to poorer countries in the form of a subsidy to support growth and development
70
What are trade embargos?
Restrictions on a specific country against the movement of goods or people
71
What is Military aid?
usually supports a country through investment or weapons to assist them in the defence of their country rather than for those who wish to impose conflict
72
What is disaster aid?
Given following a natural disaster or threats due to CC
73
Where is disaster aid primarily given?
In the Caribbean, Asian or Oceanic countries as they receive the most natural disasters
74
What may countries do if another nations corruption rate is very high?
Aid is removed or reduced to force change
75
What was the IMF resorted to as a policy in Africa in order to boost development?
- 'Trade not aid'
- because aid has not really improved infrastructure, quality of life or the economy in the long term
76
When do political interventions mainly occur?
When it is beneficial to a nation in an effort or maintain their power in a region, or to uphold their ideology
77
What short term impacts does military action have on the economy?
Countries experiencing intervention have become more unstable and so any foreign investment may be deterred or lost
78
What might military intervention be important for?
Necessary to remove corrupt governments and politicians, which can lead to an increased development in the future
79
How does aid and intervention help development?
- UN peacekeepers can help build infrastructure, schools, hospitals etc.
- Political stability after military intervention can lead to reconstruction and economic growth
80
How does aid and intervention hinder development?
- Governments may become reliant on help, and won't invest in their own interventions
- Conflict will destroy facilities & infrastructure, increasing a countries debt
81
How does Aid and intervention help human rights?
- Direct military action can remove authoritarian powers, hence enabling to improve and develop
- Immediate medical support will reduce fatalities and improve wellbeing
- Some conflicts can be avoided and threats reduced by military presence
82
How does aid and intervention hinder human rights?
- Military influence is limited in how they can influence a populations culture or ideology, they can't stop arranged marriages or discrimination
- Direct military intervention can lead to a loss of of protection of human rights
