Regenerating Places Flashcards
Definition of place
Geographical space shaped by individuals and communities over time
Definition of regeneration
Long term upgrading of existing places or more drastic renewal schemes for urban, residential, retail, industrial, commercial or rural areas
Definition of rebranding
The marketing aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses, residents and visitors by changing its image
Horsham physical site
Weald area
River Arun
Horsham cultural landscape
Majority white British
Some diversity
Horsham economic function
Commuter town
Retail
Places connected to Horsham
Gatwick
London
Crawley
Gentrification
The process of the character of a poor urban area changing by wealthier people moving in, improving housing and attracting new businesses
Studentification
The process by which specific neighbourhood become dominated by student residential accommodation
Causes of studentification in Brighton
Landlords converting family homes into HMOs
Developers want to maximise profit
Impacts of studentification in Brighton
Lack of housing for families
Loud parties and disturbance
Pressure on gov to have limitations
Example of the 7 domains of index of multiple deprivation (IMD)
Income
Health
Education
Employment
What is the index of multiple deprivation (IMD) used for?
Used by central government and local authorities to target regeneration aid, to allocate resources to places and people
How does the index of multiple deprivation work?
The domains are weighted by importance (eg health education income employment)
37 indicators total
Factors that contribute to quality of life
Health
Happinesss
Educational achievement
Job quality
Income
Leisure time
Safety
Work life balance
Knowledge and skills
Primary sector economic activity in the UK
Agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing.
Low paid in rural areas
Secondary sector economic activity in the UK
Manufacturing in Northern cities eg Manchester
Tertiary economic activity in the UK
Retail, service providing. from cleaners to lawyers
Quaternary sector economic activity UK
ICT/scientific research.
Mainly London and south east
Quinary sector economic activity UK
Business executives
Gov officials
Highest level of decision making
Cambridge triangle
M4 corridor
Why can people in work still live in poverty?
High housing costs
Seasonal work
Part time work
0 hour contracts
Illegal workers
Gender pay gap
Gig economy
Life expectancy in Guildford vs Glasgow
Guildford: 82.1
Glasgow: 72.6
Reinventor cities
Have changed their economic base away from low skilled secondary employment to high skilled high wage IT and digital media jobs
Example: Canary Wharf
Replicator cities
Have replaced low skilled secondary employment in factories with low skilled low wage employment like retail and call centres
Example: Hartlepool marina
Functions
The roles a place plays for it’s community and surroundings
Salford Quays development
1970s: Containerisation and changing trade patterns caused decline
1985: Development plan published
1993: water achieved stable bathing quality and water sports centre opened
2000: Queen opens Lowry shopping centre
2006: Planning permission for media city granted
Employment opportunities Canary Wharf
Jobs in banking
Barclays, HSBC, Morgan Stanley
69.1% employment rate
Hartlepool employment opportunities
Lack of jobs due to deindustrialisation
54.5% employment rate
Health in Hartlepool
11% have illnesses that limit daily activities
Canary Wharf life expectancy
84.7
Hartlepool life expectancy
81.6
Hartlepool education
30.8% no qualifications
Canary Wharf access to services
Over 300 shops cafes bars restaurants
DLR to central London
How does the function of an area change due to studentification?
Increased shopping and leisure aimed at students eg nightclubs and discount food shops
How do the characteristics of a place change due to studentification?
Younger and more diverse population. Possible increased issues of noise and littering. Loss of sense of community. Increased house prices or lack of family
Positive impacts of gentrification in Brixton
-Newcomers benefit from renovated housing and shipping.
-Renting containers for street food businesses.
-Some middle class people volunteer.
-Image of area has improved.
-More income for network rail from train arch shops
Negative impacts of gentrification in Brixton
-Hidden deprivation
-Gang violence
-Teenagers feel looked down on
-Young middle class not interested in character/history of area
-Market has become more expensive
-Increased rents
-Property prices up 75%
In the last 10 years how much have property prices increased by in Brixton?
Property prices up 75% last 10 years
What has loss of working docks due to containerisation caused in Salford Quays?
Loss of working class identity
High unemployment
Crime
Depopulation
Dereliction
Cleanup of canal (SQ)
Due to funding from local and national government.
Result:
-encourages private investment creating culture and media hub
-attractions national and international
What has the relocation of the bbc caused in Salford Quays?
-Growth of media city
-New high skilled high payed jobs
-More young highly qualified professionals
-Creating more diverse population
Temporary relocation
What has improved housing caused in Salford Quays?
Area is more desirable
Increased house prices and skill level of jobs creates divide
In 2012 what amount of applicants from Salford got jobs at media city
24 out of 3172 applicants
The Lowry
£106 million project
820 000 visitors a year
-Display of Lowry paintings encourages tourism
Media city UK
200 acres
£650 million
HDTV programme making facilities
BBC breakfast
Coronation street set
How many jobs provided in Salford quays?
26000 jobs provided by 900 companies
Imperial war museum north
470 000 visitors a year
£28.5 million
Canary Wharf employment rate
70%
Characteristics of successful places
High life expectancy
Good qualifications
High house prices
High in migration (?)
Low deprivation
Low unemployment
Low skills shortage
Horsham national connections
-Close proximity to Crawley has forced Horsham to compete and develop more shopping
-National brands eg John Lewis improves local economy
-Close proximity to London attracts commuters
-National targets have increased house building locally
-Historical identity encourages visitors
Horsham international connections
-Location within Gatwick diamond
-Investment of international companies eg Nestle
-Provides employment
Salford Quays national connections
-National/local government investment attracts further private investment
-Manchester is the 3rd biggest city in the UK + educational cultural and transport hub
Salford quays international connections
-Historical international sea trade routes
-Old Trafford Man United
-BBC established it as media hub
Rust belt
American term for the historical manufacturing region which was famous for steel and car production. It fell into decline following automation, the global shift and increased free trade.
Example of somewhere in the rust belt
Detroit
-Depopulation 2 million to 800000
-Deindustrialisation
-Ford Factory, Chrysler
-Crime and dereliction
Why does Redruth need regeneration?
-High rates of unemployment. Job losses from decline of tin mining industry
-Income deprivation from low skilled employment in tourism and agriculture
-Brain drain as young people move out
-Poorly connected
-High house prices as more holiday homes are bought
Post your production countryside
The situation in rural areas where the old economy consisting of primary sector jobs had declined
Reason for decline in fishing in Cornwall
EU quotas
Some fish have been overfished
Reason for decline in farming in Cornwall
Cheap imports
Supermarkets demand low prices
Reason for decline in tin and copper mining in Cornwall
Resources depleted
Overseas competition
Reasons for decline in quarrying in Cornwall
Operations moved to Brazil (eg French company Imerys)
-In china technology replaces people in quarrying
Community engagement
-Attending local events eg fundraisers
-Joining local groups or teams
-Volunteering
-supporting local shops
-voting in elections
Factors affecting how people engage
Gender: More women engage in community work
Disability
Political affiliation
Age
Birth country
Ethnicity
Level of deprivation
Voting in Horsham vs Salford and Eccles
Horsham: 73% voted
Salford and Eccles: 62% voted
Sink estate + example
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime. Especially domestic violence drugs and gangs.
Example: The Barracks, Glasgow
Broadwater farm, North London
Why might sink estates need regeneration?
-Inadequate housing conditions
-High crime. Unsafe for residents
-Limited educational resources
-Health disparities
Gated community
Residential area/housing developing that is enclosed and secured with access limited to residents
How can gated communities lead to social segregation?
Reduced diversity of socio economic backgrounds
Limited social mixing as communities may have internal services
-Educational disparities
Commuter village
Residential community in a rural area near an urban area where many residents commute daily to workplaces in the city
Characteristics of commuter villages
-Affluent population low levels of deprivation
-Fewer services needed as commuters may not demand local shops
Why might commuter villages need regeneration?
-Lower paid locals/young adults forced out due to house prices
-Reduced community character
Issues affecting housing in the UK
Population is rapidly increasing due to migration and natural increase
Shortage of affordable homes leading to more renting
Popular places have high prices
Planning restrictions limit new developments
Sources of info to show whether areas need regeneration
-Tourist info website
-Local blog
-Local newspapers
-Estate agent websites
Advantage and disadvantage of statistics
Advantage: Factual/objective
Disadvantage: Don’t show opinions
What’s important to know about tourist information websites?
They portray places positively to encourage visitors so they are biased
Hartlepool vs Redruth tourist website
Hartlepool:
-“Charming coastal town”
-Focus on landscape arts culture
Redruth:
-Focus on mining history and attractions
Hartlepool vs Redruth statistics
hartlepool:
IMD 10% most deprived
3-18% with degrees
Avg house £91000
Redruth:
IMD 20% most deprived
5-18% with degrees
Avg house £179000
Hartlepool vs Redruth local blog
Hartlepool:
Complaining about tax/councillors
Redruth:
Posts about mining but also deprivation issues
Hartlepool vs Redruth local newspapers
Hartlepool:
Negative. Crimes
Redruth:
Festival
Deprivation
Community projects
Tourism led regeneration example
Imperial war museum Salford Quays £28.5 million
450000 visitors first year
Marketing heritage regeneration example
Hartlepool docks and ship building industry
Farm diversification agriculture based
Branching out from traditional activities in order to produce or sell speciality products
Eg Spring Farm Sussex Alpacas
Can buy / walk with them
Farm diversification non agriculture based
Branching out from traditional activities to new ones unrelated to farming
Tulleys Farm West Sussex Shocktober
5000 visitors per night
Deregulation and Canary Wharf
-“Big bang”
-Thatcher deregulated financial markets to encourage investment in London
-European and US banks came to London
-Banking and financial services were 30% of British economy 2008
Pump priming
Initial government investment in a regeneration project which aims to attract more private investment
Newquay aerohub
-450 jobs
-Air ambulance
-Aviation companies
-Enterprise zone
Cambridge science hub
-1.7 million square foot
-Quaternary jobs
-Science companies
Enterprise zone
Designated areas for businesses that provide tax breaks and government support
Marketing heritage - rural
Explanation + example
-Using the cultural history of places to attract visitors
-Fowey in Cornwall offers literary tours related to Daphne du Maurier local author
Destination tourism - rural
Explanation + example
Use of a single big attraction which attracts people to use local services and facilities
Eg Eden project
960000 visitors in 2015
600000 meals per year locally sourced produce
Countryside stewardship schemes
-government funding for farmers that conserve the landscape and wildlife
-Eg Norfolk estate in West Sussex has worked on recovering grey partridge population
Rural regeneration approaches
-Farm diversification
-Heritage rebranding
-Destination tourism
-Countryside stewardship scheme
-Enterprise zones
