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A level GEO > Hydrological Cycle > Flashcards

Hydrological Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Fluxes definition

A

The rate of flow between stores

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2
Q

Precipitation definition

A

The movement of water in any form from the atmosphere to the ground

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3
Q

What is a closed system?

A

No inputs or outputs

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4
Q

Evaporation

A

The change in state of water from a liquid to a gas

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5
Q

Residence time

A

The average time a water molecule will spend in a reservoir or store

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6
Q

Fossil water

A

Ancient deep groundwater from former pluvial periods

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7
Q

Transpiration

A

The diffusion of water from vegetation into the atmosphere, involving change from a gas to a liquid

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8
Q

Groundwater flow

A

The slow transfer of percolated water underground through pervious or porous rocks

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9
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

A catchment. An open system with external inputs and outputs which cause the amount of water in the basin to vary over time

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10
Q

What’s an example of a large drainage basin?

A

The river Nile basin

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11
Q

What is a confluence?

A

Where 2 rivers meet

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12
Q

How does the amount of water affect the drainage basin?

A

With more water there is less variability in its pattern

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13
Q

How does the type of precipitation affect drainage basin?

A

Snow can store large fluxes of water released after rapid melting

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14
Q

How does seasonality affect drainage basin?

A

In some climates, strong seasonal patterns of rainfall/snowfall will have a major impact on physical processes

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15
Q

How does the intensity of precipitation affect drainage basin?

A

If rainfall is intense it can’t infiltrate as soil capacity exceeds

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16
Q

How does distribution affect drainage basin?

A

In the river Nile, tributaries start in different climatic zones

17
Q

Convectional rainfall

A

When the ground warms up, evaporation takes place and the air above is heated and rises. Rainfall is often intense with electrical storms and thunder

18
Q

Cyclonic rainfall

A

A period of sustained, moderately intensive rain. Associated with passage of depressions.

19
Q

Orographic rainfall

A

Warm moist air is forced to rise over upland areas causing the moisture to condense and make rain

20
Q

Interception loss

A

Water retained by plant surfaces and water evaporated or absorbed by vegetation and transpired

21
Q

Throughfall

A

When the rainfall persists or is relatively intense and the water drops from the leaves

22
Q

Stem flow

A

Water flooding through plants/branches/twigs

23
Q

Infiltration

A

The movement of water from the ground surface into the soil

24
Q

What are the drainage basin system outputs?

A

-Evapotranspiration
-Potential evapotranspiration
-Evaporation
-Transpiration

25
Q

What is potential evapotranspiration? What is evapotranspiration?

A

Potential- the water loss that would occur if there was an unlimited supply of water in the soil.

Evapotranspiration- the combined effect of evaporation and transpiration

26
Q

What influences evaporation?

A

Increases in warm windy and dry conditions.
Affected by temperature, hrs of sunshine, wind speed/size, water depth/quality, vegetation cover, surface colour

27
Q

What do rates of transpiration depend on?

A

Loss of water from plant stomata to atmosphere. Affected by season, vegetation cover, moisture availability, growing season

28
Q

Human factors affect drainage system

A

Farming and irrigation
Building dams/river defences
Cloud seeding
Global warming
Urbanisation
Pollution from industry
Overpopulation
Deforestation

29
Q

How does urbanisation affect drainage basin?

A

More runoff due to concrete/tarmac

30
Q

How does deforestation affect drainage basin?

A

Less trees = more runoff
Less interception
Resulting in flooding

31
Q

What are water budgets?

A

The water budget is the annual balance between inputs( precipitation) and outputs (evapotranspiration and channel flow)

32
Q

River regime

A

The annual variation in discharge/ flow of a river at a particular point or gauging station. Usually measured in cumecs

33
Q

What factors affect a river regime?

A

Climate: high rainfall increases flow
Geology: Permeable rocks allow infiltration reducing flow
Soil type: permeability
Vegetation: Dense vegetation promotes infiltration reducing runoff
Human: Dams/ reservoirs etc
Relief: Steeper= more runoff
Size of catchment area: large catchment = more rain

34
Q

Flashy vs subdued river

A

Flashy:
Shorter lag time
Steeper rising limb
High peak

Subdued:
Longer lag time
Shallower rising limb

A level GEO (5 decks)

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