Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The variety of ways that places and people are becoming ever more close and connected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 strands of globalisation?

A

Economic, Social, Political, goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How have flows of capital caused globalisation?

A

Money flows through banks/stock market. Profits are made from trading currencies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does trading cause globalisation?

A

Raw materials eg fossil fuels are traded between nations. Now there are more manufactured goods flowing. 1/3 of GBP from agriculture/industrial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is shrinking world?

A

Countries are now better connected giving the impression that the world is shrinking as its easier to get around. Improved transport eg planes/high speed rail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TNC definition

A

Businesses whose operations are spread across the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spatial division of labour definition

A

Where TNCs move low skilled work abroad where labour costs are low. Skilled management are kept at HQ in HIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Technological leap frogging definition

A

The adoption of new technology by a developing economy without using the basic tech first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What motivates TNCs?

A

Profit motivates TNCs to expand across the globe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What allows TNCs to expand?

A

Banking/free flow of capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mobility for TNCs

A

Faster/cheaper transport
Global production networks
Rapid communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intermodal containers definition

A

Large capacity storage units which can be transported long distances using multiple types of transport.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Time space compression

A

The perceptual change of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information through heightened connectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of aircraft innovations

A

Easyjet: cheap flights. £40. 337 planes 2020
Improves economies of flight destinations through tourism
Boeing 747
allows international travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rail innovations

A

Eurostar
Trans siberian 1904

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How has tech allowed economic globalisation?

A

Manage people in other countries
Better communications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How has tech allowed social globalisation?

A

Skype- migrants can speak to family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How has tech allowed cultural globalisation?

A

cultural traits shared around the world.
Eg music/language
Tiktok 150 countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How has tech allowed political globalisation?

A

Can raise awareness online
ISIS use the internet to recruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Broadband/fibre optics

A

1980s/90s
fibre optic cables ocean floor connecting countries
1.2 million km of cables
Search/email/text

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trade Blocs

A

An agreement between a regional group of countries for free trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

FDI(Foreign direct investment)

A

Investment made by an overseas company or organisation into a company or organisation in another country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Free market liberalisation

A

The belief that reduced government intervention in the economy leads to more economic growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Privatisation

A

Selling government assets eg water/rail to private companies to run for profit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

UK government tax break example

A

UK gov gave tax breaks to companies investing in certain areas eg London dockyards
Encourages FDI
Encourages foreign companies to come to London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

UK government grants/subsidies

A

Toyota factory Burniston
Nissan
Japanese car companies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Glocalisation

A

Changing a standard product to appeal to locals. For example McDonald’s maharaja mac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Glocalisation

A

Changing a standard product to appeal to locals. Eg dominos is vegetarian in hindu communities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tariffs

A

Taxes paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Subsidies

A

Grants given by governments to increase profits of key industries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Trade liberalisation

A

Removing barriers so free trade can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

World trade organisation

A

Am organisation which believes in trade liberalisation, encourages trade between countries free of of tarrifs, quotas or restrictions on trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

International monetary fund

A

Organisation. Primary role to increase financial stability by stabilising currencies and granting loans to countries that can’t pay debts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

World bank

A

Organisation that aims to tackle poverty by providing low interest loans for development in countries. Countries agree to certain conditions for repayment and economic growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

IMF negative impact

A

Governments may have to reduce spending in housing and health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

World Bank negative impact

A

US influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Off shoring

A

Outsourcing overseas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Outsourcing

A

When work is contracted out to another company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Horizontal integration

A

When a company expands at one level of the production process eg apple buying logic pro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Vertical integration

A

When a company controls / owns every stage of production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Negatives of call centres in phillipines (case study)

A

-Antisocial hours
-Health risks: diabetes/heart/obesity
-Night shifts can cause health issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Benefits of call centres in the phillipines (case study)

A

-higher wages for citizens
-They understand Americans due to colonial link
-Fdi leads to economic growth
-Employee benefits eg gyms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Global production network

A

A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials to the manufacturing or assembly of consumer goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does KOF index measure

A

-Economic globalisation (eg Fdi)
-Social globalisation (eg calls)
-Political globalisation (eg embassies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

KOF index limitations

A

-Complex calculation
-Gaps in data
-ignores internal markets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does the AT Kearney index measure?

A

-Economic integration
-Personal contact through calls/remittances
-Political engagement
-Tech connectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

AT Kearney index limitations

A

-Complex calculation
-Gaps in data
-Some indicators skew outcomes
-Trade bloc countries will have higher scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Advantages of factories in Bangladesh

A

-80% of exports
-Provide work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Disadvantages of factories in Bangladesh

A

Poor conditions
380 died when a factory collapsed
Few rights
Staff threatened if they complain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does the KOF index and AT Kearney index measure?

A

Level of globalisation

51
Q

Migration: benefits to host nations

A

-Fills skill shortages
-Migrants do work that locals won’t do
-Some migrants will start businesses
contributing to the economy
- 2013 14% of start ups owned by migrants uk

52
Q

Migration: cost to host nations

A

-citizens may believe migrants are taking jobs/housing
-Political parties may reduce migration to appeal to people
-Migrants may bring over their culture causing tension

53
Q

Migration: cost to source nations

A

-Loss of skilled workers
-Lack of consumption
-Lack of young people
-Urban services closed
-Loss of doctors
-urban decline - > Warsaw

54
Q

Migration: benefits for source nations

A

-remittances contribute to economy
Eg 28% of Nepals GDP 2017
-Less unemployment
-Migrants return with skills
-Less spending on public health

55
Q

Low wage migration: Qatar labour camps

A

-40 men share a kitchen
-Poor toilet/washing
-185 Nepalese workers died in 2013
450 Indian workers dead since 2012
-workers ignored

56
Q

Global shift

A

The movement of manufacturing industries from developed countries to emerging and developing ones

57
Q

Spiral of decline

A

Old factories close
Land derelict
Jobs lost
People leave inner city
Fewer shops needed
More jobs lost
More leave
Area run down
Crime
Poor quality of life

58
Q

Positives of the global shift in deindustrialised regions

A

Reduced pollution
Focus on tertiary and quaternary

59
Q

How has global shift affected developing countries

A

Economic: more employment
Social: Bangladesh child labour
Environmental: Togo 60% of forest lost

60
Q

How does the global shift affect emerging countries (economic

A

600 million in China out of poverty. Indians earning middle class wages.
Purchasing power
Some workers exploited
More consumption

61
Q

How does the global shift affect emerging countries (social)

A

-Better education
-8.2 million graduates in China 2019
-health investment
-air pollution reduced life by 5yrs
-Pm 2.5

62
Q

How does the global shift affect emerging countries (environmental)

A

Pollution
Shell has polluted Nigerians delta region
-16 of 20 most polluted cities in china

63
Q

How does the global shift affect developed countries?

A

-Deindustrialisation
-Detroit: 1700 buildings abandoned
-8% unemployment 2019l
Lost 1.1 million residents

64
Q

Megacities

A

Cities with a pollution above 10 million

65
Q

Urban pull factors

A

-Employment urban areas get HDI
-Professional roles
-Better services/education/health

66
Q

Rural push factors

A

-Poverty lack of jobs
-Agricultural modernisation
-Resource scarcity

67
Q

Environmental challenges for megacity growth.

A

-Water pollution from untreated waste
-Air pollution from industry
-Severity depends on economic and physical factors

68
Q

Social challenges for megacity growth

A

-Housing/health/education provision
-Unemployment not enough good jobs for people
-Drive extremist political parties

69
Q

Dharavi

A

1 square mile 1 million people
-No sewage. Cholera.
Reycyling: eg electric cables to water pipes

70
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

Forced assimilation of culture. Achieved through coercion. Using legal or military tools

71
Q

Americanisation

A

Specific cultural influence of USA

72
Q

Westernisation

A

Joint role played by European and north american countries bringing about cultural change using soft power. Global media / entertainment

73
Q

Elite migrants

A

Skilled/influential. Few obstacles. Welcomed by governments. Wealth form profession/inherited assets

74
Q

Global hub

A

A highly globally connected city of region

75
Q

Trade global hub example

A

Shanghai

76
Q

Business global hub example

A

London

77
Q

Governance global hub example

A

The Hague

78
Q

Education/research global hub example

A

Cambridge

79
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

The spread of one culture to another

80
Q

Absolute poverty definition

A

When a person’s income is too low for basic human needs to be met potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness

81
Q

Relative poverty definition

A

When a person’s income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in a particular society. Caused by asset growth for very rich people

82
Q

Development definition

A

The ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and to improve the quality of life for it’s inhabitants

83
Q

Post accession migration

A

The flow of economic migrants after a country joins the EU

84
Q

Diaspora

A

The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland

85
Q

Nationalism

A

A political movement focused on national independance or the abandonmenr of policies that are a threat to sovereignty or national culture

86
Q

Post colonial migrants

A

People who moved to European countries from former colonies during the 50s 60s and 70s

87
Q

Cultural erosion

A

The change / disappearance of a culture due to the spread of another

88
Q

Hyper globalisation

A

The idea that a largely westernised global culture is emerging as a result of cultural erosion

89
Q

French reaction against globalisation

A

Protective of culture. Gov supports French filmmakers. 40% of TV must be French productions. French language prominent in music

90
Q

China reaction to globalisation

A

Great “firewall” of China. No foreign social media. Only 34 foreign films a year.

Some western culture like Christmas

91
Q

Nigerian opposition to globalisation

A

Oil spills from TNCs like she’ll. Environmental damage. Gov executed a protester

92
Q

GDP

A

Total value of goods and services earned by a country (just domestic)

93
Q

GNI

A

Value of goods and services earned by a country both at home and abroad

94
Q

Limitations of GDP

A

People earning loads makes number higher
Informal sector jobs aren’t registered

95
Q

PPP(purchasing power parity)

A

Where GDP is adjusted to reflect local cost of living

96
Q

HDI

A

Composite measure including life expectancy GDP mean yrs in school and literacy rate. From 0 to 1

97
Q

GII (Gender inequality index)

A

Reproductive health
Empowerment (positions of authority)
Education
Employment

98
Q

What % of London is white

A

43%

99
Q

What % of the UK is indian

A

1.5%

100
Q

What processes have led to increased ethnic diversity in London

A

Open borders during EU: 2015 250 000 french in London
Freedom to invest in businesses and transfer capital
Fdi overseas companies no gov approval needed

101
Q

Controlling flow of information example

A

Chinese government
Great firewall of china
Censorship no western media
Fear of American influence
Huawei UK 5g tensions

102
Q

Controlling flow of resources example

A

First nations canada
Indigenous groups eg Sahtu region
200 million barrels of oil extracted since 1920
Death of fish
Drug and alcohol problems brought by oil workers
Shale gas

103
Q

Controlling flow of goods example

A

Trumps trade wars against china
Tarrifs on foreign products eg chinese
Encourage buying local products
Protectionism

104
Q

Sustainability

A

Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations

105
Q

Environmental sustainability examples

A

-Protecting biodiversity
-climate protection
-Protecting resources
-Organic food
-No pesticides

106
Q

Society sustainability examples

A

-Education
-equal rights
-fair trade

107
Q

Economic sustainability exmaples6

A

Business/industry
Produce in season
Buying local

108
Q

Carbon footprint

A

The amount of carbon dioxide produced by an individual or activity

109
Q

Water footprint

A

A measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities

110
Q

Ecological footprint

A

A crude measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person or society with the energy food and resources needed to live and also absorb waste

111
Q

Fiji water

A

Not sustainable. Bottled water containerised transport 20 000km to UK cheap labour

112
Q

Example of local sourcing

A

Eden project. Provides 600 000 meals each year to visitors. 90% of produce is from Cornwall/Devon

113
Q

Lewes pound

A

Lewes has its own currency that can be used in certain local businesses. Encourages visitors. Keeps money in the local economy. Money spent in chain stores leaves the town

114
Q

Totnes

A

Transition town. Locals want to reduce energy costs/carbon emissions

115
Q

What have Totnes done?

A

Saved 1.3 tonnes carbon emissions
Street share garage donate tools/toys
Bringing people together
Drop in work space reconomy centre
Community gardens grow food for locals - incredible edible scheme

116
Q

Bangladesh Rana plaza

A

Factory collapsed in Dhaka
Over 1000 deaths
Mostly female garment workers

117
Q

Fair trade

A

Agreed minimum price for product +social premium makes sure farmers are paid enough
Products like coffee bananas chocolate

118
Q

Fair trade advantages

A

Improves pay for farmers
Social premium can pay for services like schools

119
Q

Fair trade disadvantages

A

Most products aren’t fair trade
Makes up less than 1% of global trade
Expensive
Low income people won’t buy

120
Q

Supply chain monitoring examples

A

Apple: iPhone screen supplier lianjian technology workers poisoned by chemical

Gap + Nike prohibit worker exploitation in they’re factories

121
Q

NGO action

A

Oxfam. Amnesty international
NGO’s have limited financial resources
South African fruit pickers

122
Q

Bangladesh accord

A

Legally binding agreement on worker safety. Ensures safety checks are carried out in factories. Signed by British TNCs

123
Q

Boohoo

A

Anfislavery.org
Leicester factory
Unacceptable/dangerous working conditions
Lack of supply chain monitoring

124
Q

M and s sustainability

A

Plan A. Protect planet help communities. Sourcing responsibly/reducing waste. 100 new commitments
Show info about suppliers on a map eg trade union/gender split