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A level GEO > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The variety of ways that places and people are becoming ever more close and connected.

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2
Q

What are the 4 strands of globalisation?

A

Economic, Social, Political, goods

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3
Q

How have flows of capital caused globalisation?

A

Money flows through banks/stock market. Profits are made from trading currencies.

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4
Q

How does trading cause globalisation?

A

Raw materials eg fossil fuels are traded between nations. Now there are more manufactured goods flowing. 1/3 of GBP from agriculture/industrial.

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5
Q

What is shrinking world?

A

Countries are now better connected giving the impression that the world is shrinking as its easier to get around. Improved transport eg planes/high speed rail

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6
Q

TNC definition

A

Businesses whose operations are spread across the world.

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7
Q

Spatial division of labour definition

A

Where TNCs move low skilled work abroad where labour costs are low. Skilled management are kept at HQ in HIC

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8
Q

Technological leap frogging definition

A

The adoption of new technology by a developing economy without using the basic tech first

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9
Q

What motivates TNCs?

A

Profit motivates TNCs to expand across the globe

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10
Q

What allows TNCs to expand?

A

Banking/free flow of capital

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11
Q

Mobility for TNCs

A

Faster/cheaper transport
Global production networks
Rapid communication

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12
Q

Intermodal containers definition

A

Large capacity storage units which can be transported long distances using multiple types of transport.

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13
Q

Time space compression

A

The perceptual change of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information through heightened connectivity

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14
Q

Examples of aircraft innovations

A

Easyjet: cheap flights. £40. 337 planes 2020
Improves economies of flight destinations through tourism
Boeing 747
allows international travel

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15
Q

Rail innovations

A

Eurostar
Trans siberian 1904

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16
Q

How has tech allowed economic globalisation?

A

Manage people in other countries
Better communications

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17
Q

How has tech allowed social globalisation?

A

Skype- migrants can speak to family

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18
Q

How has tech allowed cultural globalisation?

A

cultural traits shared around the world.
Eg music/language
Tiktok 150 countries

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19
Q

How has tech allowed political globalisation?

A

Can raise awareness online
ISIS use the internet to recruit

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20
Q

Broadband/fibre optics

A

1980s/90s
fibre optic cables ocean floor connecting countries
1.2 million km of cables
Search/email/text

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21
Q

Trade Blocs

A

An agreement between a regional group of countries for free trade

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22
Q

FDI(Foreign direct investment)

A

Investment made by an overseas company or organisation into a company or organisation in another country

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23
Q

Free market liberalisation

A

The belief that reduced government intervention in the economy leads to more economic growth

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24
Q

Privatisation

A

Selling government assets eg water/rail to private companies to run for profit

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25
Q

UK government tax break example

A

UK gov gave tax breaks to companies investing in certain areas eg London dockyards
Encourages FDI
Encourages foreign companies to come to London

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26
Q

UK government grants/subsidies

A

Toyota factory Burniston
Nissan
Japanese car companies

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27
Q

Glocalisation

A

Changing a standard product to appeal to locals. For example McDonald’s maharaja mac

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28
Q

Glocalisation

A

Changing a standard product to appeal to locals. Eg dominos is vegetarian in hindu communities

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29
Q

Tariffs

A

Taxes paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries

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30
Q

Subsidies

A

Grants given by governments to increase profits of key industries

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31
Q

Trade liberalisation

A

Removing barriers so free trade can occur

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32
Q

World trade organisation

A

Am organisation which believes in trade liberalisation, encourages trade between countries free of of tarrifs, quotas or restrictions on trade

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33
Q

International monetary fund

A

Organisation. Primary role to increase financial stability by stabilising currencies and granting loans to countries that can’t pay debts

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34
Q

World bank

A

Organisation that aims to tackle poverty by providing low interest loans for development in countries. Countries agree to certain conditions for repayment and economic growth

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35
Q

IMF negative impact

A

Governments may have to reduce spending in housing and health

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36
Q

World Bank negative impact

A

US influence

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37
Q

Off shoring

A

Outsourcing overseas

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38
Q

Outsourcing

A

When work is contracted out to another company

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39
Q

Horizontal integration

A

When a company expands at one level of the production process eg apple buying logic pro

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40
Q

Vertical integration

A

When a company controls / owns every stage of production

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41
Q

Negatives of call centres in phillipines (case study)

A

-Antisocial hours
-Health risks: diabetes/heart/obesity
-Night shifts can cause health issues

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42
Q

Benefits of call centres in the phillipines (case study)

A

-higher wages for citizens
-They understand Americans due to colonial link
-Fdi leads to economic growth
-Employee benefits eg gyms

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43
Q

Global production network

A

A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials to the manufacturing or assembly of consumer goods

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44
Q

What does KOF index measure

A

-Economic globalisation (eg Fdi)
-Social globalisation (eg calls)
-Political globalisation (eg embassies)

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45
Q

KOF index limitations

A

-Complex calculation
-Gaps in data
-ignores internal markets

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46
Q

What does the AT Kearney index measure?

A

-Economic integration
-Personal contact through calls/remittances
-Political engagement
-Tech connectivity

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47
Q

AT Kearney index limitations

A

-Complex calculation
-Gaps in data
-Some indicators skew outcomes
-Trade bloc countries will have higher scores

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48
Q

Advantages of factories in Bangladesh

A

-80% of exports
-Provide work

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49
Q

Disadvantages of factories in Bangladesh

A

Poor conditions
380 died when a factory collapsed
Few rights
Staff threatened if they complain

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50
Q

What does the KOF index and AT Kearney index measure?

A

Level of globalisation

51
Q

Migration: benefits to host nations

A

-Fills skill shortages
-Migrants do work that locals won’t do
-Some migrants will start businesses
contributing to the economy
- 2013 14% of start ups owned by migrants uk

52
Q

Migration: cost to host nations

A

-citizens may believe migrants are taking jobs/housing
-Political parties may reduce migration to appeal to people
-Migrants may bring over their culture causing tension

53
Q

Migration: cost to source nations

A

-Loss of skilled workers
-Lack of consumption
-Lack of young people
-Urban services closed
-Loss of doctors
-urban decline - > Warsaw

54
Q

Migration: benefits for source nations

A

-remittances contribute to economy
Eg 28% of Nepals GDP 2017
-Less unemployment
-Migrants return with skills
-Less spending on public health

55
Q

Low wage migration: Qatar labour camps

A

-40 men share a kitchen
-Poor toilet/washing
-185 Nepalese workers died in 2013
450 Indian workers dead since 2012
-workers ignored

56
Q

Global shift

A

The movement of manufacturing industries from developed countries to emerging and developing ones

57
Q

Spiral of decline

A

Old factories close
Land derelict
Jobs lost
People leave inner city
Fewer shops needed
More jobs lost
More leave
Area run down
Crime
Poor quality of life

58
Q

Positives of the global shift in deindustrialised regions

A

Reduced pollution
Focus on tertiary and quaternary

59
Q

How has global shift affected developing countries

A

Economic: more employment
Social: Bangladesh child labour
Environmental: Togo 60% of forest lost

60
Q

How does the global shift affect emerging countries (economic

A

600 million in China out of poverty. Indians earning middle class wages.
Purchasing power
Some workers exploited
More consumption

61
Q

How does the global shift affect emerging countries (social)

A

-Better education
-8.2 million graduates in China 2019
-health investment
-air pollution reduced life by 5yrs
-Pm 2.5

62
Q

How does the global shift affect emerging countries (environmental)

A

Pollution
Shell has polluted Nigerians delta region
-16 of 20 most polluted cities in china

63
Q

How does the global shift affect developed countries?

A

-Deindustrialisation
-Detroit: 1700 buildings abandoned
-8% unemployment 2019l
Lost 1.1 million residents

64
Q

Megacities

A

Cities with a pollution above 10 million

65
Q

Urban pull factors

A

-Employment urban areas get HDI
-Professional roles
-Better services/education/health

66
Q

Rural push factors

A

-Poverty lack of jobs
-Agricultural modernisation
-Resource scarcity

67
Q

Environmental challenges for megacity growth.

A

-Water pollution from untreated waste
-Air pollution from industry
-Severity depends on economic and physical factors

68
Q

Social challenges for megacity growth

A

-Housing/health/education provision
-Unemployment not enough good jobs for people
-Drive extremist political parties

69
Q

Dharavi

A

1 square mile 1 million people
-No sewage. Cholera.
Reycyling: eg electric cables to water pipes

70
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

Forced assimilation of culture. Achieved through coercion. Using legal or military tools

71
Q

Americanisation

A

Specific cultural influence of USA

72
Q

Westernisation

A

Joint role played by European and north american countries bringing about cultural change using soft power. Global media / entertainment

73
Q

Elite migrants

A

Skilled/influential. Few obstacles. Welcomed by governments. Wealth form profession/inherited assets

74
Q

Global hub

A

A highly globally connected city of region

75
Q

Trade global hub example

A

Shanghai

76
Q

Business global hub example

A

London

77
Q

Governance global hub example

A

The Hague

78
Q

Education/research global hub example

A

Cambridge

79
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

The spread of one culture to another

80
Q

Absolute poverty definition

A

When a person’s income is too low for basic human needs to be met potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness

81
Q

Relative poverty definition

A

When a person’s income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in a particular society. Caused by asset growth for very rich people

82
Q

Development definition

A

The ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and to improve the quality of life for it’s inhabitants

83
Q

Post accession migration

A

The flow of economic migrants after a country joins the EU

84
Q

Diaspora

A

The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland

85
Q

Nationalism

A

A political movement focused on national independance or the abandonmenr of policies that are a threat to sovereignty or national culture

86
Q

Post colonial migrants

A

People who moved to European countries from former colonies during the 50s 60s and 70s

87
Q

Cultural erosion

A

The change / disappearance of a culture due to the spread of another

88
Q

Hyper globalisation

A

The idea that a largely westernised global culture is emerging as a result of cultural erosion

89
Q

French reaction against globalisation

A

Protective of culture. Gov supports French filmmakers. 40% of TV must be French productions. French language prominent in music

90
Q

China reaction to globalisation

A

Great “firewall” of China. No foreign social media. Only 34 foreign films a year.

Some western culture like Christmas

91
Q

Nigerian opposition to globalisation

A

Oil spills from TNCs like she’ll. Environmental damage. Gov executed a protester

92
Q

GDP

A

Total value of goods and services earned by a country (just domestic)

93
Q

GNI

A

Value of goods and services earned by a country both at home and abroad

94
Q

Limitations of GDP

A

People earning loads makes number higher
Informal sector jobs aren’t registered

95
Q

PPP(purchasing power parity)

A

Where GDP is adjusted to reflect local cost of living

96
Q

HDI

A

Composite measure including life expectancy GDP mean yrs in school and literacy rate. From 0 to 1

97
Q

GII (Gender inequality index)

A

Reproductive health
Empowerment (positions of authority)
Education
Employment

98
Q

What % of London is white

A

43%

99
Q

What % of the UK is indian

A

1.5%

100
Q

What processes have led to increased ethnic diversity in London

A

Open borders during EU: 2015 250 000 french in London
Freedom to invest in businesses and transfer capital
Fdi overseas companies no gov approval needed

101
Q

Controlling flow of information example

A

Chinese government
Great firewall of china
Censorship no western media
Fear of American influence
Huawei UK 5g tensions

102
Q

Controlling flow of resources example

A

First nations canada
Indigenous groups eg Sahtu region
200 million barrels of oil extracted since 1920
Death of fish
Drug and alcohol problems brought by oil workers
Shale gas

103
Q

Controlling flow of goods example

A

Trumps trade wars against china
Tarrifs on foreign products eg chinese
Encourage buying local products
Protectionism

104
Q

Sustainability

A

Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations

105
Q

Environmental sustainability examples

A

-Protecting biodiversity
-climate protection
-Protecting resources
-Organic food
-No pesticides

106
Q

Society sustainability examples

A

-Education
-equal rights
-fair trade

107
Q

Economic sustainability exmaples6

A

Business/industry
Produce in season
Buying local

108
Q

Carbon footprint

A

The amount of carbon dioxide produced by an individual or activity

109
Q

Water footprint

A

A measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities

110
Q

Ecological footprint

A

A crude measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person or society with the energy food and resources needed to live and also absorb waste

111
Q

Fiji water

A

Not sustainable. Bottled water containerised transport 20 000km to UK cheap labour

112
Q

Example of local sourcing

A

Eden project. Provides 600 000 meals each year to visitors. 90% of produce is from Cornwall/Devon

113
Q

Lewes pound

A

Lewes has its own currency that can be used in certain local businesses. Encourages visitors. Keeps money in the local economy. Money spent in chain stores leaves the town

114
Q

Totnes

A

Transition town. Locals want to reduce energy costs/carbon emissions

115
Q

What have Totnes done?

A

Saved 1.3 tonnes carbon emissions
Street share garage donate tools/toys
Bringing people together
Drop in work space reconomy centre
Community gardens grow food for locals - incredible edible scheme

116
Q

Bangladesh Rana plaza

A

Factory collapsed in Dhaka
Over 1000 deaths
Mostly female garment workers

117
Q

Fair trade

A

Agreed minimum price for product +social premium makes sure farmers are paid enough
Products like coffee bananas chocolate

118
Q

Fair trade advantages

A

Improves pay for farmers
Social premium can pay for services like schools

119
Q

Fair trade disadvantages

A

Most products aren’t fair trade
Makes up less than 1% of global trade
Expensive
Low income people won’t buy

120
Q

Supply chain monitoring examples

A

Apple: iPhone screen supplier lianjian technology workers poisoned by chemical

Gap + Nike prohibit worker exploitation in they’re factories

121
Q

NGO action

A

Oxfam. Amnesty international
NGO’s have limited financial resources
South African fruit pickers

122
Q

Bangladesh accord

A

Legally binding agreement on worker safety. Ensures safety checks are carried out in factories. Signed by British TNCs

123
Q

Boohoo

A

Anfislavery.org
Leicester factory
Unacceptable/dangerous working conditions
Lack of supply chain monitoring

124
Q

M and s sustainability

A

Plan A. Protect planet help communities. Sourcing responsibly/reducing waste. 100 new commitments
Show info about suppliers on a map eg trade union/gender split

A level GEO (5 decks)

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