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HENT > Refractive Errors, Glaucoma, and Cataracts > Flashcards

Refractive Errors, Glaucoma, and Cataracts Flashcards

1
Q

What visual acuity meets criteria for low vision?

A

Less than 20/40

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2
Q

What defines legally blind on visual acuity?

A

20/200 or worse

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness or low vision?

A

Age-related (older age)

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4
Q

What is the problem in the refractive error, myopia?

A

Loss of near-sightedness

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5
Q

What is the problem in the refractive error, hyperopia?

A

Loss of farsightedness

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6
Q

What is the problem in the refractive error, astigmatism?

A

Distorted vision at all distances

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7
Q

What is the problem in the refractive error, presbyopia?

A

Loss of ability to focus up close (i.e. reading)

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8
Q

What are the primary presenting symptoms of refractive errors?

A

Blurred Vision**
Headache
Ocular surface desiccation from excessive staring: eye irritation, itching, fatigue
Perceived imbalance, dizziness, stumbling

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of refractive errors in children?

A

Frowning/squinting
Excessive blinking/rubbing of the eyes

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10
Q

What is the diagnosis for refractive errors?

A

Visual acuity
Refraction
Comprehensive eye exam (ophthalmologist/optometrist)

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11
Q

What are the guidelines regarding how ofter visual acuity and refraction testing should be done?

A

Should be done every 1-2 years

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12
Q

What is the treatment for refractive errors?

A

Eyeglasses
Contact lenses
Refractive surgery

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13
Q

What is the cause of amblyopia?

A

Functional reduction in visual acuity of an eye caused by disuse during visual development

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14
Q

What is the diagnosis for amblyopia?

A

Early Screening
Photo-screening
Additional testing: cover test, conver-uncover test, refraction, opthalmoscopy, slit lamp

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15
Q

How can strabismus be confirmed?

A

Alternate cover test or cover-uncover test

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16
Q

How can ophthalmologists confirm anisometropia?

A

Refraction on each eye

17
Q

What is the treatment of amblyopia?

A

Eyeglasses or contact lenses
Cataract Removal
Patching
Atropine drops (falling out of favor)
Treat strabismus with patching if present

18
Q

What is the most common cause of irreversible central vision loss in older patients?

A

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

19
Q

What is the treatment cocktail for dry AMD?

A

Zinc Oxide
Copper
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Lutein/Zeaxanthin

20
Q

What is the treatment for wet AMD?

A

Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF)

Reanibizuman, vevacizumab, or aflibercept

21
Q

What is the most common type of glaucoma in the U.S.?

A

Primary, open-angle glaucoma

22
Q

What racial group develops more severe open-angle glaucoma, and typically develops at an earlier age compared to other groups?

A

African’s

23
Q

What is the cornerstone to diagnosing open angle glaucoma?

A

Visual field testing

HENT (8 decks)

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