Refractive Amblyopia

Question 1

T/F Amblyopia is a condition where VA is reduced in one or both eyes

Answer 1

False; it may be a disease process, not necessarily amblyopia

Question 2

T/F Amblyopia is a reduced VA

Answer 2

False; may be a disease process

Question 3

T/F Amblyopia is a syndrome

Answer 3

False; not everyone with the condition shares the same signs and symptoms

Question 4

A _____ is the association of several clinically recognizable features (observed by physician) and symptoms (reported by patient) that often occur together.

Answer 4

syndrome

Question 5

What visual skills can be affected by amblyopia

Answer 5

1. VA
2. CS
3. Accommodation
4. Pursuits
5. Depth perception

Question 6

The _____visual pathway is affected the most by amblyopia

Answer 6

parvo

Question 7

Functional amblyopia is a unilateral or infrequently bilateral condition in which the BCVA is poorer than 20/20 in the bases of any obvious structural or pathologic anamolies, but with one or more of the following conditions occurring before the age of _____yo:

Answer 7

6:
1. signifiant anisometropia
2. significant isoametropia
3. significant unilateral or bilateral astigmatism
4. constant unilateral eso/exotropia
5. image degradation
(corneal edema, ptosis, cataracts)

Question 8

what is the prevalence of amblyopia

Answer 8

2-3% of the population have it

Question 9

When one eye has amblyopia and the other eye is unaffected, which eye be will be damaged more?

Answer 9

The “good eye” will experience more damage bc that is the better seeing eye which is used more.

Question 10

Prevalence is not affected by gender, but in some series, the ____ eye was more commonly affected than the right, particularly in cases of anisometropic amblyopia

Answer 10

left

Question 11

What is Sherman’s behavioral definition of amblyopia

Answer 11

1. Amblyopia is a dysfunction that restricts the ability to gather, process, analyze, and respond to visual info.
2. Amblyopia is a problem primarily of binocular competition. The reduction of monocular VA is merely the presenting symptom.

Question 12

What are some risk factors of amblyopia?

Answer 12

1. Prematurity
2. LBW
3. Retinopathy of prematurity
4. Cerebral palsy
5. Mental retardation
6. Family history of anise, isoametropia, strabismus, amblyopia, or congenital cataract.

Question 13

The risk for amblyopia also increases four fold following _____ surgery for early onset esotropia. The brain has already developed retinal correspondence based on esotropia. Changing the EOM alignment will change the retinal correspondence.

Answer 13

EOM

Question 14

Amblyopia is classified into organic amblyopia and functional amblyopia. Describe each.

Answer 14

Organic: cases of reduced vision where ocular pathology is the cause.
Functional: cases of reduced vision where a functional etiology is the cause.

Question 15

______amblyopia is characterized by a decrease in VA and a deficient performance of the visual system not due to an obvious structural /pathologic anamolies and it can’t be corrected with a refractive rx

Answer 15

Refractive –> anisometropia or isoametropia

Question 16

With ______amblyopia, most frequently central fixation is present but is unsteady. Myopia anisometropia is more prevalent in the population BUT amblyopia is more prevalent in _____ aniso.

Answer 16

anisometropic, hyperopic

Question 17

Suppression is usually less deep in anisometropic amblyopia than in ______amblyopia

Answer 17

strabismic

Question 18

Isometropic amblyopia presents with better ____ than anisometropic amblyopes. What are characteristics of isometric amblyopia?

Answer 18

stereopsis

1. central fixation is present but unsteady.
2. bilateral
3. corrective lenses improve acuity beyond the uncorrected level but not to 20/20.
4. Most frequent in bilateral high hyperopia

Question 19

How much myopic anisometropia will increase the risk for amblyopia?

Answer 19

> -3.00 and -5.00

Question 20

How much hyperopic anise will increase the risk for amblyopia?

Answer 20

between +1.00 and +2.00

Question 21

How much astigmatic anise will increase the risk for amblyopia?

Answer 21

between -1.00 and -2.00

Question 22

What are signs of parvo (what) system being affected

Answer 22

1. difficulty of visually tracking/following objects
2. loss of place
3. need to utilize marker to avoid loss of place
4. frequent transpositions when copying from one place to another.
5. abnormal posture
6. inaccurate work product
7. reduced efficiency

Question 23

what are symptoms of parvo( what) pathway

Answer 23

1. visual field neglect
2. asthenopia
3. inconsistent visual attention
4. increased distractibility
5. difficulty sustaining near visual function
6. abnormal general fatigue
7. dizziness/vertigo
8. motion sickness
9. incoordination clumsiness
10. inaccurate eye hand coordination

Question 24

T/F in amblyopia sysmptoms are caused by the good eye

Answer 24

true; when starting VT, you need to focus on addressing issues associated with the better seeing eye. The bad eye is not functioning so it is not the cause of the symptoms.

Question 25

what are diagnostic factors for amblyopia?

Answer 25

1. Reduced VA monocular or binocular
2. relative high isoametropia
3. anisometropia
4. suppression of binocular vision
5. reduced stereopsis
6. accommodative disorder
   (amblyopic is always out of focus, blur from amblyopic eye no longer stimulates accommodation)
7. deficient saccadic/pursuit eye movements
8. inaccuate/eccentric foveal fixation
9. spatial uncertainty; poor spatial localization –> incoordination
10. anomalous eye movements
11. increased effects of crowding
12. increases saccadic latency and reduced saccadic accuracy.
13. depressed C/S
14. poor speed and span of recognition
15. faulty eye hand coordination

Question 26

Treatment outcome is not related to age, but to better baseline ____ and lesser amounts of anisometropia. Experimentally induced blur during dev leads to a selective loss of neurons tuned to ____ spatial frequencies.

Answer 26

VA; high