reformation Flashcards
1
Q
historical context: political 13-1500s
A
- popes had considerable control, at times more than kings
- owned lands, some controlled kings
2
Q
historical context: social 13-1500s
A
- black death erupted in Gobi deset in 1320’s, spread through trade routes
- high fever, aching limbs, vomiting blood, swelling lymph nodes which would burst, 3-4 days
- only effective measure against it was quarantine, Pope Clement VI sat between two fires
- spread by overcrowding, poor sanitation, widespread malnutrition
- loss 1/3 of european population, florence almost half
- best of the clergy died as they stayed back to help people
- jews blamed and persecuted
- christians thought it was caused by Gods anger at the sinfulness of humanity, made people wonder why God was so angry
3
Q
indulgences
A
- people paying money to the church to absolve theirs or loved ones sins
- only granted by pope and sometimes bishops and archbishops
- started to appear in the 11th and 12th century when the idea of purgatory became popular
- gave access to heaven for self or dead relative (from a pardoner)
- requires severe penitence
- wealthy buying their way into heaven, guaranteed salvation
- “as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs” - Johann Tetzel
- Pope willing to promote as it paid for building of St Peters Basilica
4
Q
Johann Tetzel quote
A
“as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”
5
Q
irregulation of religious services and moral decline of papacy
A
- poorly trained clergy lacked knowledge of theology and practices
- many popes had children
- nuns and priests having sexual relationships
- clergy lived like princes rather than servants of God
6
Q
simony
A
- selling of church offices/positions
- in 1487 Church sold 24 offices, unqualified people becoming bishops and cardinals
7
Q
what happened in 1487
A
pope sold 24 offices
8
Q
when was martin luther alive
A
1483-1546
9
Q
martin luther 1483-1518
A
- ordained catholic monk in wittenberg germany where he went to university
- in 1510 he visited rome, appalled by corruption
- became increasingly angry at clergy and disgraced by sale of indlugences
- october 1517 published his 95 theses attacking papacy and the sale of indulgences, nailed to church door for all to see
- the printing press facilitated in the spread of the work at an astonishing speed
- pope viewed it as an insignificant disagreement
- 1518 Luther defied the pope by refusing to stop his crusade
- claimed that the church had erred when it executed John Hus for heresy, point of no return
10
Q
martin luther 1520
A
- 1520 published his theology in 3 separate works
- salvation could be achieved through faith alone, not good works, good works follow faith
- bible was soul authority
- church consisted of a ‘priesthood of believers’ not a hierarchy
- encouraged German princes to reform their state churches
11
Q
January 1521
A
Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
12
Q
martin luther 1521-1534
A
- January 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
- church responded by summoning him to appear at the Diet of Worms (an assembly of the holy roman empire)
- refused to change views and criticism
- emperor charles V declared him an outlaw and a heretic, should be executed
- german princes supported Luther, papacy seen as acting with too much power
- luther kidnapped by agents of Frederick III and taken to his castle, continued to work
- 1534 translated bible into german
- influenced spread across northern and eastern europe, many ordinary germans joined him and created the protestant church in north germany
13
Q
results of reformation
A
- unity of western christianity was shattered
- northern europe adopted protestantism
- religious enthusiasm was rekindled, not seen since middle ages
- religious wars broke out in europe for over a century
14
Q
why did the catholics create the counter reformation
A
- catholics converting, RCC losing income, followers and power
- a response to the gain of protestantism and to critics of the RCC
- revitalisation of catholicism
15
Q
when was council of trent held
A
1545-63
16
Q
council of trent
A
- corruption led to new ecumenical council called by Pope Paul III (1534-49) so RCC could reform and end the abuses
- believed only decisive papal initiative could eliminate corruption and clerical immorality
17
Q
CoT: reaffirmed doctrine
A
- declared salvation came from faith and good actions
- source of faith needs to be both scripture and tradition
- need of Gods grace and free will for slavation
18
Q
CoT: condemning heresy
A
- anathema
- index of forbidden books
- inquisition
19
Q
CoT: reaffirmed practices
A
- defined the number and meaning of sacraments
- emphasised the true meaning of the eucharist as a sacrifice of christ
- made rules about the form of the mass and liturgical music
- a wedding needs to occur in front of a priest and two witnesses and must be registered
- simony and sale of indulgences band
- improved quality of priests
- attacked abuses by requiring bishops to reside in their diocese and strengthening their authority by establishing seminaries to provide better clerical education
20
Q
CoT: rise of religious orders - Jesuits
A
- one of the most important orders formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1534
- motto “to the greater glory of God”
- dedicated to the education of youth and priests
- strong sense of unity, completely in solidarity in the pope, men of learning
- work resulted in: reform of RCC through education, spread of gospels to pagan
21
Q
results of council of trent
A
- reaffirmed doctrine
- condemned heresy
- reformed practices
- rise of religious orders
- rise in spirituality
