Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

PRE REFORMATION Chadwick’s ideas on the desire for reformation

A

Widewspread desire for reformation
‘At the beginning of the sixteenth century everyone that mattered was crying out for reformation

There was not a consensus about what reform might mean
Some practices seen as dishonest were seen as acceptable by others
Simony - selling offices or appropriate payment for legal fees?

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2
Q

PRE REFORMATION Evidence of Corruption, and conflict of opinion on what was corruption

A

There was not a consensus about what reform might mean
Some practices seen as dishonest were seen as acceptable by others
Simony - selling offices or appropriate payment for legal fees?
Diversity of issues
Cardinals and canons with too much power
Corruption and ill practice among preachers
Benefit of the Clergy?

French diplomat Antonie de Prat only entered his Cathedral when he died and had his funeral there

Henry VIII’s physicisan held many benefices before ordination as payment for his services as a physician

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3
Q

PRE REFORMATION Pre-reformation estimations of what reform would be

A

Nature of reformation was (hoped to be) administrative, not doctrinal
- Not concerned with encouraging dissenters, but suppressing them. Re-organisation, not anti-conformity

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4
Q

PRE REFORMATION Declining power of pope

A

Declining power of the Pope
Popes could still summon armies, but not of a crusading standard
Christendom looked to kings and states, not popes, for security

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5
Q

PRE REFORMATION Contrasting values of old and new worlds

A

Contrasting values of the old and new worlds
Religious men valued poverty, new intellectuals, humanists
Looked backwards for the model of reforming

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6
Q

PRE REFORMATION Chadwick quote on widespread desire for reformation

A

Widespread, popular, and unsatisfied demands for reform are usually, in the end, revolutionary.

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7
Q

PRE REFORMATION Reforming popes

A

Reforming popes, Gregory VII and Innocent III

Council of Constance 1414-1418, Council of Basle (1431-9)

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8
Q

PRE REFORMATION What caused the reformation? Chadwick Argues :

A

Needs to be asked ‘why did the Reformation happen when it did?’
Not due to a pronounced increase in corruption and abuses
Happened not due to irreligiousness, but religiousness
Holding to the standards of idealism, and fantasising about a golden age, had always happened; abuses had always been a problem

What changed wasn’t level of abuses, but awareness of them

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9
Q

PRE REFORMATION Evidence of continued religious practice in the EM Period

A

Evidence of religious practice
Burning of witches
Persecution of Jews
Henry VIII went to mass 5-6 times a day

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10
Q

PRE REFORMATION Cause of Reformation: Modernisation of Gvt

A

Modernisation of Government
True of King Henry VIII/Ferdinand and Isabella
New concept of nation
‘the reformation came because limitation of the power of the church was necessary to the further development of efficient government’
Changing nature of the Pope’s power
Bulls were powerful but negotiations took place behind the scenes
Diplomacy>decree
Only possible with cooperation with the state
Modernisation of government not entirely the case?
1478, inquisition, earlier state control of church affairs

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11
Q

PRE REFORMATION Cause of Reformation: New Learning

A

New Learning
Increase in learning and knowledge across the upper-classes with printing
Growth of humanism ie Erasmus better articulated the weaknesses of the church for educated Europeans at a time where print was increasing
A man might sooner find his way out of a labyrinth than the intellectual mases of the (theologians)’
Publishes Enchiridion Militis Christiani’ (Handbook for the Christian Warrior)
His translations enabled vernacular readings and some editions came with notes on how to

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12
Q

Profiling Luther

A

The mind of the reformer
‘Persevering mind’ rather than a sharp one
Subscribed to the nominalist school during his time at the University of Erfurt/convent of Austin Friars
Not a humanist: ‘Humanism was European, international, an intellectual aristocracy; Luther was a German, national, man of the people.’
Zealous: ‘I tried as hard as I could to keep to my rule’
Revelation whilst reading Epistle to the Romans: ‘The just shall live by faith’
‘I am quite sure that the Church will never be reformed unless we get rid of canon law, scholiastic theology, philosophy and logic as they are studied today, and put something else in their place.’

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13
Q

Indulgences and the 99 Theses

A

Need for finances was an important reason for new doctrine
Indulgences
Money needed for a) Building St Peter’s Cathedral, Rome b) for paying off the debt of Albert of Mainz, Archbishop of Magdeburg
Purchasing an indulgence had the effect of for atoning for a person’s sins, reducing or neutralising their debt to be paid in time spent in purgatory
Luther’s reaction
31st Oct 1517, nails indulgences to the door of Wittenberg church
—> Decline in indulgence sales there

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14
Q

Nature of the 99 Theses

A

Nature of the Theses
Not inherently anti-papal, claimed that the pope wouldn’t condone such practice
Not inherently ‘Lutheran’ but did add to the desire for reform/create the right atmosphere

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15
Q

How did church initially respond to 99 Theses

A

How did the church respond?
Pope instructs head of Austin Friars to ‘keep his men quiet’ (Chadwick)
Challenging authority of pope therefore heretical?

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16
Q

Spread of support for Luther after 99 Theses 1517

A

Not Luther’s intention but support spread
Supported by Elector Frederick of Saxony
Diet at Augsburg in 1518
Ordered by Cajetan, Papal Legate, to recant
Luther refuses
Charles Von Militz meets Luther Jan 1519, sees that it would be impossible for Luther to be removed by force
Luther writes to Rome in March 1519, submissive in tone but retracts nothing (near direct quote)

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17
Q

Lutheran Theology (Basic)

A

Development of Luther’s Theology

- *Justification by Faith Alone, Priesthood of All Believers’ ; sola fidi, sola gratia, sola scriptura

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18
Q

Luther’s challenges to the supremacy of the Pope and debate with Eck of Ingolstadt, July 1519

A

Challenges the supremacy of the Pope
Indulgences rest on power of Pope. If Pope’s authority is challenged, indulgences are baseless
Argues that Pope should be subordinate to the General Council of the Christian Church
July 1519, public debate against Eck of Ingolstadt, rejects the idea that Huss was a heretic and contradicts the ruling of the Council of Constance
Now officially at ends with Rome

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19
Q

Reformation Treaties

A

Publishes three treaties - ‘reformation treatises - in 1520
Critiques sacrements and reaffirms justifcation by faith alone
Tackle the worldliness of the church, end practice of excommunication, educational reform to allow for better understanding of the bible

Priesthood of all believers: no intecessionary power of the church

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20
Q

Exsurge Domine, 1520

A

Breaking point
Exsurge Domine, 15th June 1520
Terms
Luther must recant within 2 months or be excommunicated
41 of his propositions found to be heretical
People ordered to burn his books
Dec 10th 1520, burns the Bull, books of canon law
Excommunicated Jan 3rd 1521

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21
Q

Charles V’s position on Luther

A

Charles V’s position
Power was centred in Spain, not Germany
If he was to lead Germany in seperation from Rome it would fragment his realm (Chadwick)

Diet of Worms in April 1521, Luther asked again to recant and refuses. Later outlawed by a Ban o
f Empire
Elector Frederick of Saxony’s position

Didn’t want to condemn Luther but too dangerous to openly support him
‘Kidnapped’ him on the way back from the Diet of Worms and took him to Wartburg

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22
Q

Popular support for Luther

A

Popular support
Papal Legate: ‘All of Germany is in revolution, Nine tenths shout “Luther” as their war cry…’

Priests carried Bible>Host in services
Sep 1521, Philip Melanchthon and friends receive both bread and wine at communion

Riots
4th Dec 1521, Altar destroyed in the church of the Franciscans

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23
Q

The Peasants’ War 1524-5

A

The Peasants’ War 1524-5
Made possible by weak imperial control and dependence on strength of local forces for enforcing law and putting down rebellion
Peasant risings across the country

Demands:
Restoration of common land
Right to choose their pastor
Conflicts
Peasant army defeated at Frankenhausen
Radical preacher Thomas Munzer is executed
Consequences for Luther
Though he sympathised with the peasants, armed risings were
‘Against the Murdering Thieving Hoardes of Peasants’
Luther became magnet for those who disliked Rome, but not all for the same reasons as his

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24
Q

Formation of Protestant League

A

Protestant League
Diet of Speyer, 1529 - Protestant princes identify themselves
1531, form Schmalkaldic League (Protestant League)

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25
Q

How did Europe Respond to the Schmalkaldic League

A

How did Europe Respond to the Schmalkaldic League
Pope busy at war with Spain in 1527
Charles V at war with France and papacy
‘The Counter Reformation, if considered solely as a political and not a religious force, failed in part because some Catholics would’ve found the end of the Protestants a calamity.’
Could be potentially important political allies
Catholic territories and princes threatened by the Ottoman Turks in the East of Europe

26
Q

Doctrinal reform by Luther,

A

Religious reform
‘shift’ from ‘external’ religion (ceremonialism) to ‘inward worship’
Changes
Vernacular bible
German priests given right to marry
monks and nuns free to leave if they wished
German hymns
Babylonish Captivity (1520 Treaty) put into action
Sacraments reduced from 7 to 3
Consubstantiation> Transubstantiation

27
Q

Nature of Lutheran change (as seen by Luther)

A

Nature of change

Not a new church, but a purification of the old Catholic church

28
Q

Augsburg Confession (1530)

A

Augsburg Confession (1530)
28 Articles affirming Lutheran faith and correcting abuses ie both sacraments, priests may marry
Greater and Little catechisms (1528)
prayers, graces, hymns
For adults and children
‘foundation of parochial instruction and of religion in the home’

29
Q

Philip Melanchthon 1497-1560

A

Melanchthon
Helped to consolidate Lutheranism
Ausburg Confession and Apology drafted by Philip Melanchthon
Wrote Instructions for Visitors (1528) an elementary education treaty adopted in 56 cities

30
Q

Structure of the Lutheran Churches

A

Structure of the Lutheran Churches
Proper reform would take time
Proper reform required aid of the law
When Luther visited parishes, ‘he took with him one theologian and three lawyers’
Made easier by the vacuum left by the church
A case of taking power that was ‘slipping’ from the hand of the church, not wrestling with it

31
Q

Philip of Hesse marriage scandal in 1540

A

Philip of Hesse
Married at 19, had mistresses afterwards and after his Protestant conversion
17 y/o mistress, wanted to dissolve 1st marriage and take her as second.
Dissolve marriage or a) live in sin b) go to rome for dispensation
Luther didn’t want Rome having a hand in it so Luther consents
Later claims that he wouldn’t have consented had he known about the multiple mistresses
Secret gets out —> Scandal

32
Q

Significance of Lutheran reformation

A
Significance 
It would not be naive to suppose that he achieved in a moment what the medieval church had failed to achieve over centuries 
German Bible, hymns, catechisms, mass 
Spread of the Bible
100 000 Bibles 1534-84
33
Q

Zwingli 1484-1531

A

Zwingli
Zurich influenced by Luther —> Bishop of Constance ignored —> Reform 1522-25
Zwingli’s claims
Had been reforming since before, and independent of, Luther
True?
Not true, Zurich was equally affected as was every other city
However, ‘The reformation did not spring from Luther, it sprang from those conditions of the church and those states of mind which made Luther possible’
His reform more motivated by humanism and concern for proper order than piety and zeal
For Zwingli, service could only contain that explicitly sanctioned by script (near quote)
Wanted to remove the ‘sacrificial’ element of the eucharist and the notion of Christ’s ‘real’ presence
‘not vehicles for a present Christ, but signs of a Christ present by faith’
Needed unity amongst Protestants __> Colloquy of Marburg
Fundemantal disagreements on the nature of the eucharistic bread and wine
No reconciliation until death of Zwingli in 1531

34
Q

Zurich reformation:

A

Zurich reformation:
McCollough
Old church: body and blood were bread and wine, altar most sacred place
With the reformation,
Bread and wine not transformed. Gospel said he ascended so he cannot be here too. Only symbolic
Contradicted Luther
Lutherans Reformed Radicals Anglicans

35
Q

Bucer - Proto - calvinist?

A

Bucer - Proto - calvinist?
Wanted reconciliation of Lutherans and Zwinglians
Brought to align beliefs with Zwingli; that impossible for the eucharist to serve as vehicle for physical body of christ BUT also believes Luther’s argument that ‘God’s humanity’ is conveyed in the act
Solution? not ‘in’ the gift but with it —> receptionism
Calvin worked under Bucer whilst exiled from Geneva in 1538-41 - influenced?

36
Q

John Calvin (Jean Chauvin)

A

John Calvin (Jean Chauvin)

Background
Born Noyon, 1509
Studied at University of Paris/ in Orleans
Publishes edition of Seneca’s De clementia in 1532 —> Flees to Basle
The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
Passing through Geneva by chance, persuaded to stay by William Farell, who had started the Protestant reformation of Geneva
Proposes reforms in Geneva for the organisation and administration of the church
Exiled until 1541, then publishes Ecclesiastical Ordinances

37
Q

Calvinist ideas of authority

A

Calvinist ideas of authority
Wheras Luther wanted decentralised power in the church, away from the Pope and the power for salvation within each person with the Priesthood of all Believers, Calvin wanted a ‘rightly called and purified ministry’
Wanted to organise it in the image of the Primitive church (near direct)

Overview
Not elected; pastors chose pastors
Senior clergy were disciplinarians
Councils could appoint the elders through consultation with the pastors
Council could reject pastor appointments but not appoint themselves
Power of excommunication lay with the Concitory (church council)

Enforcement
From 1550, annual visit to the Parishioners’ homes
Some measures not enforced consistently ie punishments for repeat offenders

38
Q

Calvin’s contemporary popularity

A

Calvin’s popularity
‘he was the kind of man who has only disciples or opponents’
On deathbed: ‘they have always feared me more than they loved me’
Even refugees didn’t all support him
So why did he work?
Natural refuge for French Protestants fleeing persecution, they found a leader in Calvin
‘The true source of Calvin’s authority was in himself’
Forceful and principled man
Forceful enough to ensure uniformity not found in other sects like the Lutherans

39
Q

Calvin’s Institutes

A

Calvin’s Institutes

First edition published 1536. Later editions in 1541/1559
Clarity of expression
Not fatalistic, but ‘the personal decrees of an Almighty God’
‘the just will live by the faith’ vs ‘thy will be done’
Christ died specifically for the elect
‘precence’ of spirit in the eucharist
Not unjust: ‘all men are justly condemned for their sins, and beyond that we cannot see the almighty purpose’
Double predestination. Not only are some the elect, but some explicitly condemned

40
Q

Significance of Calvinism

A

Significance
Not drawn by teaching, but by discipline (Chadwick)
‘For 100 years they were the most potent religious force in Protestantism’

41
Q

threats to Lutheranism in Germany

A

threats to Lutheranism in Germany
Charles V’s peace with France (Treaty of Crepy) in 1544
Peace in Eastern Europe (Turks in Persia)
Wittenberg captured in 1547 after Battle of Muhlberg
Elector John Frederick captured
Philip of Hesse (?) imprisoned
Divisions in the Lutheran church After diet of Augsburg

42
Q

Diet of Augsburg 1548

A

Diet of Augsburg 1548
Protestants can retain clerical marriage and use of a cup in the eucharist but nothing else
Bucer flees to England
Modified with the cooperation of Melanchthon, who does not flee but cooperates in Wittenberg so long as Saxony will be safe
Lutheran interpretation of Gospels continues, so it is acceptable for Catholic ceremonialism to return

43
Q

Resistance to ruling of Diet of Ausburg

1530-1547-8

A

Resistance to ruling of Diet of Ausburg
In Southern/Central Germany, enforced with aid of Spanish troops. North revolted
Difficulty finding pastors willing to perform Catholic services
How successfully had Charles V tackled the Protestant Revolt?
Had divided protestants
Some had fled, but Melanchthon remained and so there was conflict between them
Melanchthon was the only figure with enough stature to unite the churches
—> ‘The Lutheran churches never recovered the unity which they lost after the Augsburg Interim of 1548

44
Q

Peace of Augsburg 1555

A

Peace of Augsburg 1555
Result of diminished sway of emperor
New Turkish invasion
Franco-Protestant alliance
Protestant sympathies of the Duke of Saxony
Terms
Every land that had been Lutheran before 1552 was allowed to remain Lutheran
Rulers allowed to choose the religion of their territories
cujus regio, ejus religio

45
Q

Significance of the Peace of Ausburg 1555

A

Significance
60 years of religious peace
Protestantism legitimised
Did not stop disunion of the Lutheran churches

46
Q

Formula of Concord (1577)

A

The Formula of Concord
Attempt to resolve intra-Lutheran debates
Denied Calvinist pre-destination
86 states (nearly all Lutheran states) accepted the Formula
Unity?

No
Denmark burned it
Denied by Bremen, Anhalt, Nuremberg, who remained Philippist (Melanchthon continued to advocate the Eucharist, not the reformed Eucharist favoured by Flacius Illyricus)

47
Q

Lutheran expansion continued after the Formula of Concord

A
Lutheran expansion continued after the Formula of Concord 
1598, Strasbourg accepts the Concord 
 the Palatinate (region of Germany) was subjected to Calvinist presbyterians but became Lutheran - accepting the concord - grin 1576-1583 

Taking land of Bishops (who were also lords)
If Bishop became Protestant, so did the hold on that territory (Bishop enforces Augsburg Confession, territory becomes Protestant)

New territories
the Palatinate, Bremen, Anhalt, Hesse

Expansion in the Universities
Old Unis like Leipzig reformed, and other new ones like Jena (1558)

48
Q

Lutheran-Calvinist contest in Germany

A

Lutheran-Calvinist contest
Lutheranism and Calvinism were the only legitimate religions
‘Reformed’ protestantism of Calvinism was seen as being as bad as anabaptists

Calixtus, in Berlin, dined with a Reformed chaplain. Outcry, he responds: ‘Is it possible that hatred has risen to such a pitch among us that the Reformed are not fit for a man to walk across the street with?’

Significance of the conflict
Opened the doors for the counter reformation and weakened Protestant power (Chadwick)

Some efforts at collaboration
Use of Calvinist writings by Lutherans
Lutheran students visited Marburg, Heidelberg, Leyden (Reformed universities [?] )
Tubingen University very accommodating of Calvinists
John Durie, Scottish minister working in Prussia, tried to unite Reformed and Lutherans with creed based on Apostles Creed
‘he proved that in the cause of Christian unity sentiment and affection were not enough’
More rapprochement in the 17th century and during the 30 yrs war

49
Q

Persecution of Huguenots

A

Persecutions of the Huguenots (French reformed Protestants)

Persecutions following spreading of pro-Protestant placards on 18th Oct 1534 in Paris, Orleans, Blois; 34 burned

Often inconsistent in who they persecuted
Universities and humanists were susceptible to reformist ideas
Toulouse, 1560, 400 students publicly sang psalms and were suppressed (Toulouse, however, remained Catholic)

Noblemen and merchants more likely to be reformed than ‘conservative’ peasants

reform in Normandy under sympathetic Admiral Coligny
Calvinists made progress in Orleans

50
Q

Ways that Huguenots worshipped

A
Ways of Worship 
Secret worship
Geneva was centre of affairs 
2150 congregations in 1561 
Resistance 
1561, French government protests Geneva’s providing of Protestant preachers 
Synod of Paris 1559 
Organises presbyterian structure for the Reformed church
51
Q

Lead up to the French Wars of Religion

A

French Wars of Religion

  • Instability
    King Henry II dies 1559, succeeded by Francis II who dies 5th Dec 1560, succeeded by Charles IX, too young —> Catherine de’ Medici is regent

Two factions
Guises (Catholic)
Bourbons (Protestant/English friendly)

Religious huguenots and political huguenots (using religion as force against Guise domination)

Huguenots were being persecuted
Began to have guards protect them when worshiping
Occupied churches like the Franciscan church at Valence
Became more outspoken
Rouen, August 1560, gathering of 7000
Tension with Catholics
Saw occupation of churches as ‘sacrilege’
Tumult of Amboise (1560) was discovered by Guises: plan to capture king

Different ideas about the status of Kings
Calvin: divinely elected, wrong to challenge them
Anne du Bourge: if sovereign is against God, they can be challenged

Efforts at peace
Catherine de Medici’s Colloquy of Poissy, Sep 1561, had failed by October
Edict of 1862: return churches, no huguenot worship in town walls, but outside is ok
—> Legitimated Huguenots by recognising them!

52
Q

Outbreak of French Wars of Religion 1562-1576

A

Outbreak of war
Violent clash between worshipping Huguenots and the Duke of Guise’s men in Vassy, Champagne. Many killed
—> Mob violence against Huguenots all over France
Duke of Guise captures Charles IX, thereby taking control of his mother, Catherine de Medici, too.

Overview of war
Not continuous
1562-3, 1567-70, 1572-6, - thereafter more political>religious
Venetian ambassador, Correro (1569): ‘But for the war, France would now be Huguenot, because the people were rapidly changing their faith’
Lots of iconoclasm in the wars, but mostly looting

53
Q

Henry IV 1553-1610

A

Henry IV
Last son of Catherine de Medici died 1589, leaving Henry IV as the heir
Huguenot, and son of Huguenot
Succeeded brother in 1589, had conquered his Kingdom by 1593
Political huguenot or religious huguenot?
Believed if he converted to Catholicism he could have peace
Not guaranteed that Catholics would accept him, but many more concerned with peace at this stage, Huguenots may reject him

Views on religion
Huguenot by birth
Believed that the differences between Protestant and Catholic were ceremonial
Claimed “I am entering the house not to live in it but to cleanse it”
25th July 1593, Promises to live and die as a Roman Catholic
—> France would NOT be Protestant

54
Q

Significance of Henry IV for fate of French religion

A

25th July 1593, Promises to live and die as a Roman Catholic

—> France would NOT be Protestant

55
Q

Edict of Nantes 30th April 1598

A

Edict of Nantes
Huguenots were still 1/15th of population, and in some places were a majority of the population
Freedom of religious conscience, and no barriers to entering hospitals, universities or schools. Elegible for offices of state, had own cemeteries
Would have their own law courts
Allocated an annual 225 000 crown grant

Success?
Still bitterness over laws
Pope Clement III
Some evasion eg synod of Gap 1603: pope is anti-christ

56
Q

Lawrence G. Duggan, The Unresponsiveness of the Late Medieval Church: A Reconsideration:

A

what proved far more destructive of the medieval church were the words and ideas of clerics, ideas born of an impatience with the imperfect established church and a moral vision of a purified Christianity

57
Q

Guido Marnef in Calvinism in Europe on strength of calvinist church

A
  • Calvinism ‘was best equipped to take up the cudgels with inimical authorities’
  • More dynamic and versatile
  • Well organised
  • Contact with refugee churches
  • Lutheran churches relied on consent of secular authorities
58
Q

Guido Marnef, Calvinism in Antwerp (6 points)

A
  • Antwerp churches maintained CONTACT with, Frankfurt, and new churches in London established 1559
  • Preachers MOVED between Antwerp and refugee congregations abroad (many recorded as having term of one year)
  • Six of the WALLOON church educated in Geneva at Geneva Academy
  • Antwerp as ‘MOTHER church’ for other smaller churches in the Duchy of Brabant
  • RAPID expansion at points. June 1566-July after return of exiled people, numbers lept from 4-5000 to 20-25000 hearing sermons
  • WIDE appeal, some of almost every occupation
59
Q

O Malley in Confessionalisation

A
  • Counter-Reformation and Catholic Reformation were Protestant terms
  • Trent stressed continuity with Apostolic past
  • Pitter coined ‘Counter-Reformation’ and meajt political, diplomatic and military measures
  • Spanish inquisition and even armarda had wider aims than simply countering the Reformation
  • Counter-Reformation is useful in conjunction because it captures the energy of reform
  • Reformation was continuing process, didn’t start in 1517
  • –> EARLY-MODERN CATHOLICISM suggests changed and continuity, and more fitting with history from below
60
Q

Confessionalisation

A

Heinz Schilling and Wolfgang Reinhard in the mid-1980s,

that in the later sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries territorial rulers identified themselves closely with particular forms of confessional Christianity, and promoted them in their territories;

that this policy was closely connected with centralization and state-building; that an alliance of secular
and ecclesiastical authorities sought to promote stricter forms of religious and moral discipline, which served as an instrument for the „social disciplining‟ of more obedient
subjects;

and that the coalescing of religious reform and state-formation wrought genuine and lasting social change, and acted as a vector of modernization and modern national identity