Reflexes, Reactions, Motor Development, Setting Stage, and Other Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three types of reflexes?
A
- primitive (neonatal) reflexes
- attitudinal reflexes
- automatic postural reactions
2
Q
What are primitive (neonatal) reflexes?
A
involuntary stereotypic movement patterns elicited in a newborn via sensation or sensory stimulus
3
Q
What are the primitive reflexes?
A
- sucking
- rooting
- galant’s response
- moro’s
- palmar grasp
- plantar grasp
- neonatal positive support (LE)
- spontaneous walking/stepping
4
Q
What is the sucking reflex?
A
- stimulus: place finger or nipple into infant’s mouth
- response: infant rhythmical sucking movements
5
Q
When is the onset and integration of the sucking reflex?
A
- onset: 28 weeks gestation
- integration: 2-5 months
6
Q
What is the infant’s position in the sucking reflex?
A
supine with head midline
7
Q
What is the rooting reflex?
A
stimulus: stroke of skin at corner of mouth moving toward cheek, upper lip and lower lip, in turn
response: directed head toward stimulated side
8
Q
What are the onset and integration time points of rooting reflex?
A
onset: 28 weeks gestation
integration: 3 months
9
Q
What is the infant position during the rooting reflex?
A
supine with head midline
10
Q
What is galant’s response reflex?
A
- trunk incurvation
stimulus: gently stimulate along a paravertebral line 3 cm from midline and from shoulder to buttocks, one side at a time
response: lateral flexion to stimulated side
11
Q
What is the onset and integration periods of galant’s response?
A
onset: 28-32 weeks gestation
integration: 2 months (may persist)
12
Q
What is the infant position of galant’s response?
A
prone in neutral alignment
13
Q
What is the moro reflex?
A
stimulus: support infant head and shoulders with hand, allow head to drop back 20-30 degrees with respect to trunk, stretching neck muscles
response: abduction of upper extremities with extension of elbows, wrists and fingers, followed by subsequent adduction of arms at shoulders and flexion at elbows
14
Q
What is the onset and integration period of moro reflex?
A
onset: 28 weeks gestation
integration: 4-6 months
15
Q
What is the position of moro reflex?
A
supine with head midline
16
Q
What is the palmar grasp reflex?
A
stimulus: place index finger of examiner into hand of infant from ulnar side, gently press into palmar surface
response: infant’s finger flex around examiner’s finger
17
Q
What is the onset and integration period of the palmar grasp?
A
onset: birth to 2 months
integration: 4-6 months with purposeful reach/grasp
18
Q
What is the position of the palmar grasp?
A
supine with head in midline and hands free
19
Q
What is the plantar grass reflex?
A
stimulus: firm pressure against plantar surface on infant’s foot over metatarsal heads
response: plantar flexion of all toes
20
Q
What is the onset and integration periods of plantar grasp?
A
onset: 28 weeks gestation
integration: 9 months
21
Q
What is the infant position in plantar grasp?
A
supine with head in midline, legs relaxed
22
Q
What is the neonatal positive support reflex?
A
stimulus: allow feet to make contact with table or other flat surface
response: simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors so as to bear weight on lower extremities
- may only minimal body weight
- partial flexion of hips and knees
23
Q
What is the onset and integration of neonatal positive support?
A
onset: 35 weeks gestation
integration: 1-2 months
24
Q
What is the position of neonatal positive support?
A
support infant in vertical position with examiner’s hands under the arms and around the chest
25
What is the spontaneous walking/stepping reflex?
stimulus: support child upright feet touching table, incline forward, gently move forward to accompany stepping
response: child will make alternating stepping movements
26
What is the onset and integration of spontaneous walking/stepping?
onset: around birth
integration: 2 months
27
What is the position of spontaneous walking/stepping?
support infant in vertical position with examiner's hands under arms and around chest
28
What is an attitudinal reflex?
- stimulus is head and neck position
29
What are the two attitudinal reflexes?
- asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
- symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
30
What is ATNR?
stimulus: have child actively turn head following object, or passively turn child's head (jaw over shoulder)
response: arm and leg on face side extend, arm and leg on skull side flex (fencer position)
31
What is the onset and integration period of ATNR?
onset: birth to 2 months
integration: 4-6 months
32
What is infant position in ATNR?
position child supine with head midline
33
What is STNR?
stimulus: examiner passively flexes then extends child's head and neck
response:
a. head and neck flexion produces flexion of UEs, extension of LEs
b. head and neck extension produces extension of UEs, flexion of LEs
34
What is the onset and integration period of STNR?
onset: 4-6 months
integration: 8-12 months
35
What is the infant position of STNR?
place child in vertical position supported by trunk, over your knee
36
What is an automatic postural reflex?
- provide foundation for posture, balance, locomotion, and prehension
- reactions appear during infancy and remain throughout life
- occur in response to changes in body's orientation and pattern of weight distribution in BOS
37
What are the 3 categories of automatic postural reactions?
- protective
- righting reactions (head and trunk)
- equilibrium
38
What is a protective reaction?
extremities move out to catch person, due to fast or large movement of COG
39
What is head and trunk righting?
- produce alignment of body with environment or alignment in space
- keep head and trunk in line with each other
- uses 3 systems:
a. visual
b. vestibular
c. somatosensory
40
What is an equilibrium reaction?
- response to slow shift in COG
- orderly sequence: prone > sitting > quadruped > standing
- lags behind attainment of movement
- includes lateral righting and rotation
41
Which reflexes are seen in children with neurological conditions like cerebral palsy and TBI?
- neonatal positive support
- ATNR
- STNR
42
What is the order of standing balance response?
- ankle: 10 months
- stepping: 12-15 months
- hip: ~3 years
43
What is the order of standing balance responses to disturbance?
- ankle: low
- hip: medium
- stepping: high
44
When do fidgety movements develop?
2 to 3 months
qualities: asymmetry and physiological flexion
45
When does weight on hands in prone develop?
4 to 6 months
qualities:
- increasing symmetry
- increasing movement against gravity
- beginning rotation
46
When does head control develop?
4 to 6 months
qualities:
- increased symmetry
- increasing movement against gravity
- beginning rotation
47
When does rolling develop?
4 to 6 months
qualities:
- increasing symmetry
- increasing movement against movement
- beginning rotation
48
When does sitting with no hands develop?
7 to 9 months
qualities:
- rarely stay prone or supine
- transitions between positions
- developing trunk stability
49
When does sitting up from prone develop?
7 to 9 months
qualities:
- rarely stay in prone or supine
- transitions between positions
- developing trunk stability
50
When does creeping on hands and knees develop?
7 to 9 months
qualities:
- rarely stays in prone or supine
- transitions between positions
- developing trunk stability
51
When does pulling to stand develop?
8 to 10 months
qualities:
- upright
- increased UE/LE control
52
When does cruising along furniture develop?
10 to 12 months
qualities:
- develop lateral stability in stance
- beginning single limb postural control
53
When do babies take their first steps?
~ 12 months (10-17) months
qualities:
- developing lateral stability
- beginning single limb postural control
54
What are the developmental milestones of a newborn?
supine: physiological flexion, start to elongate
prone: physiological flexion with head turned to side
sitting: won't be able to sit with no support, very wobbly
standing: automatic stepping response
55
What are the developmental milestones of a 1 month old?
supine: less physiological flexion, kick legs
prone: turn head from cheek to cheek, lifting momentarily
sitting: hold head for a few seconds, cannot sit
standing: positive support and automatic stepping reflex
56
What are the developmental milestones of a 2 month old?
month of asymmetry
supine: decreased phys flexion, ATNR peaking
prone: antigravity extension life head
sitting: head righting reactions, able to hold head
standing: loss of positive support reflex, no weight on legs
57
What are the developmental milestones of a 3 month old?
month of symmetry
supine: holds head against gravity, hands at midline
prone: shoulders abducted, can hold head, on elbows
sitting: still has head lag in sit, arms propped briefly, lumbar/hip flexion
standing: weight through legs, collapse easily
58
What are the developmental milestones of a 4 month old?
weight shift
supine: starts to weight shift, balance of head and neck extensors
prone: starts weight shift, swimming motion
sitting: less lag in sit
standing: balance of flexors and extensors, lateral head righting abilities
59
What are the developmental milestones of a 5 month old?
strong extension phase
supine: increase in flexion, hand to knee or foot play
prone: increase extension, elbows in front of shoulders, reaching
sitting: lateral righting reactions of head and begins trunk righting
standing: baby extension very strong
60
What are the developmental milestones of a 6 month old?
supine: starts equilibrium, foot to mouth
prone: log roll both directions
sitting: sit independently, pull to sit stronger
standing; weight bear symmetrically through legs
61
What are the developmental milestones of a 7 month old?
supine: equilibrium reactions, roll supine to prone with rotation
prone: increased prone mobility, pivoting, prone to supine with rotation
sitting: equilibrium reactions in sitting begin, without arm support, left alone sitting
standing: stands at furniture when placed, no lateral weight shift
62
What are the developmental milestones of an 8 month old?
prone: quadruped weight shift for reciprocal creeping, 4 point kneeling
sitting: sitting weight shift, equilibrium reactions and transitions
standing: pull to stand with bilateral ext, lunar lordosis
63
What are the developmental milestones of a 9 month old?
prone: mature (reciprocal creeping, lateral weight shift in quadruped, 4 pt kneeling to sit
sitting: in and out of sitting, sitting to 4 point/prone
standing: begin lateral shift in standing, cruising beginning
64
What are the developmental milestones of a 10 month old?
prone: greater leg dissociation, may move in 4 pt
standing: cruising with rotation and control lowering from standing begins
65
What are the periods of development?
- infancy (birth to 2yr)
- childhood (2 yr to onset puberty)
- adolescence ( onset of puberty to 18 yr)
- adulthood (18 yr tp 65 yr)
- older adulthood (>65 yr)
66
What is the dynamics system theory?
motor development is a result of the interaction between perception and action, not just from nervous system maturation
67
What are the processes of development?
growth: change in physical
maturation: change towards adult form and function
adaptation: changes from accommodation to environment
learning: relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from practice
68
What are the three categories of growth measured in infants?
height, weight, and head circumference
69
What are the proportional changes of infants' body segments?
head: ~2x
trunk: ~3x
arms: ~ 4x
legs: ~5x
70
What is the genetic theory of aging?
- internal causes, specific to organisms
- genetically determined
- gradual failure of body systems
71
What is the non-genetic theory of aging?
- external causes
- interaction with environment (pollutants)
- pathologies or catastrophes lead to rapid decline
72
What are factors that influence child movement?
- individual/child
- environment
73
How do individual factors influence movement?
- physical characteristics
- body systems
- child temperament
74
What are some environmental factors that influence movement?
- family: caregiving, attachment
- culture: what is valued, expectations
- environment: safety, experience, SES
75
Why is infant positioning important?
- can lead to the decrease of the chance of syndromes and ailments like SIDS
76
How does baby gear impact movement?
- may hinder the development of movement if left in for long periods of time
- more equipment seen to lead to decrease in sit to stand scores
- moderation is key
77
What is important about the motor development in the first year of life?
1. sequential
2. directional, cephalic-caudal
3. mobility and stability interplat
4. sensation influences movement
5. gross motor to fine motor
6. reflex to skilled movement
7. flex/ext to lat flex to rotation
8. always look for variability
78
How does vision develop in infants?
birth to 4 months: born farsighted, eye hand coordination develops, black and white to full color
5 to 8 months: vision directs grasp, depth perception
9 to 12 months: eyes and hands together, predict position
1-2 years: 1 yr= 20/20 acuity, 2 yr = binocular vision
79
How does cognition develop in an infant?
birth to 3 months: basic senses and environment
3-6 months: stronger sense of perception
6 to 9 months: cause and effect
9 to 12 months: object permanence
1-2 yr: vocab expends, notices adult action
2-3 yr: become independent, experience shapes learning
3-4 yr: "why phase"
4-5 yr: imitate actions of adults
80
Piaget Cognition Development Stages
infancy: sensorimotor
preschool: preoperational stage
school age: concrete operational stage
pubescence: formal operational stage
81
What are the important fine motor skills of infant development?
plantar grasp - birth
hands together at midline - 4 months
raking - 5 months
voluntary palmar grasp - 6 months
transfer block to hand - 7 months
inferior pincer grasp - 9 to 12 months
superior pincer grasp - 12 months
82
What are important self help skills children develop?
- eating
- dressing
- grooming
- household skills
83
What is expressive language and receptive language?
expressive: ability to communicate using language
receptive: ability to listen and understand language
84
What is the receptive and expressive lunges from birth to 3 mo?
receptive: turn head towards sound
expressive: eye contact, coos, goos, smiles
85
What are the receptive and expressive language of 3 to 6 mo?
receptive: notices sounds
expressive: babbles copies sounds
86
What are the receptive and expressive language of 6 to 9 mo?
receptive: responds to own name
expressive: consonant sounds
87
What are the receptive and expressive language of 9 to 12 mo?
receptive: joint attention
expressive: first words
88
What are the receptive and expressive language of 18 mo?
receptive: points to familiar objects and people
expressive: uses 20 words mostly nouns
89
What are the receptive and expressive language of 24 mo?
receptive: understands more than 300 words
expressive: 2 word phrases
90
What are the receptive and expressive language of 30 mo?
receptive: follow 2 step direction
expressive: consistently uses 2 to 3 words phrases
91
What are the receptive and expressive language?
receptive: understands opposites
expressive: 4 to 5 word sentences
92
What is social emotional dev of 2mo?
- self calming
93
What is social emotional dev of 4 mo?
- social smile, copies movement
94
What is social emotional dev of 6 mo?
knows familiar faces, self in mirror
95
What is social emotional dev of 9-12 mo?
stranger anxiety
96
What is social emotional dev of 18 mo?
temper tantrums begin, show affection
97
What is social emotional dev of 2 yr?
defiant behavior, parallel and symbolic play
98
What is social emotional dev of 3 yr?
cooperative and imaginative play
99
What is social emotional dev of 4 yr?
prefers to play with peers
100
What is social emotional dev of 5 yr?
more independent wants to please and be like friends
101
What are the forms of play?
- solitary
- parallel: next to each other
- associative: some shared material
- cooperative: established rules
- symbolic: social pretend play at 1 yr
