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Human Growth and Development > Reflexes, Reactions, Motor Development, Setting Stage, and Other > Flashcards

Reflexes, Reactions, Motor Development, Setting Stage, and Other Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of reflexes?

A
  • primitive (neonatal) reflexes
  • attitudinal reflexes
  • automatic postural reactions
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2
Q

What are primitive (neonatal) reflexes?

A

involuntary stereotypic movement patterns elicited in a newborn via sensation or sensory stimulus

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3
Q

What are the primitive reflexes?

A
  • sucking
  • rooting
  • galant’s response
  • moro’s
  • palmar grasp
  • plantar grasp
  • neonatal positive support (LE)
  • spontaneous walking/stepping
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4
Q

What is the sucking reflex?

A
  • stimulus: place finger or nipple into infant’s mouth
  • response: infant rhythmical sucking movements
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5
Q

When is the onset and integration of the sucking reflex?

A
  • onset: 28 weeks gestation
  • integration: 2-5 months
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6
Q

What is the infant’s position in the sucking reflex?

A

supine with head midline

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7
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

stimulus: stroke of skin at corner of mouth moving toward cheek, upper lip and lower lip, in turn

response: directed head toward stimulated side

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8
Q

What are the onset and integration time points of rooting reflex?

A

onset: 28 weeks gestation

integration: 3 months

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9
Q

What is the infant position during the rooting reflex?

A

supine with head midline

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10
Q

What is galant’s response reflex?

A
  • trunk incurvation

stimulus: gently stimulate along a paravertebral line 3 cm from midline and from shoulder to buttocks, one side at a time

response: lateral flexion to stimulated side

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11
Q

What is the onset and integration periods of galant’s response?

A

onset: 28-32 weeks gestation

integration: 2 months (may persist)

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12
Q

What is the infant position of galant’s response?

A

prone in neutral alignment

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13
Q

What is the moro reflex?

A

stimulus: support infant head and shoulders with hand, allow head to drop back 20-30 degrees with respect to trunk, stretching neck muscles

response: abduction of upper extremities with extension of elbows, wrists and fingers, followed by subsequent adduction of arms at shoulders and flexion at elbows

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14
Q

What is the onset and integration period of moro reflex?

A

onset: 28 weeks gestation

integration: 4-6 months

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15
Q

What is the position of moro reflex?

A

supine with head midline

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16
Q

What is the palmar grasp reflex?

A

stimulus: place index finger of examiner into hand of infant from ulnar side, gently press into palmar surface

response: infant’s finger flex around examiner’s finger

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17
Q

What is the onset and integration period of the palmar grasp?

A

onset: birth to 2 months

integration: 4-6 months with purposeful reach/grasp

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18
Q

What is the position of the palmar grasp?

A

supine with head in midline and hands free

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19
Q

What is the plantar grass reflex?

A

stimulus: firm pressure against plantar surface on infant’s foot over metatarsal heads

response: plantar flexion of all toes

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20
Q

What is the onset and integration periods of plantar grasp?

A

onset: 28 weeks gestation

integration: 9 months

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21
Q

What is the infant position in plantar grasp?

A

supine with head in midline, legs relaxed

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22
Q

What is the neonatal positive support reflex?

A

stimulus: allow feet to make contact with table or other flat surface

response: simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors so as to bear weight on lower extremities

  • may only minimal body weight
  • partial flexion of hips and knees
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23
Q

What is the onset and integration of neonatal positive support?

A

onset: 35 weeks gestation

integration: 1-2 months

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24
Q

What is the position of neonatal positive support?

A

support infant in vertical position with examiner’s hands under the arms and around the chest

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25
Q

What is the spontaneous walking/stepping reflex?

A

stimulus: support child upright feet touching table, incline forward, gently move forward to accompany stepping

response: child will make alternating stepping movements

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26
Q

What is the onset and integration of spontaneous walking/stepping?

A

onset: around birth

integration: 2 months

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27
Q

What is the position of spontaneous walking/stepping?

A

support infant in vertical position with examiner’s hands under arms and around chest

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28
Q

What is an attitudinal reflex?

A
  • stimulus is head and neck position
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29
Q

What are the two attitudinal reflexes?

A
  • asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
  • symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
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30
Q

What is ATNR?

A

stimulus: have child actively turn head following object, or passively turn child’s head (jaw over shoulder)

response: arm and leg on face side extend, arm and leg on skull side flex (fencer position)

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31
Q

What is the onset and integration period of ATNR?

A

onset: birth to 2 months

integration: 4-6 months

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32
Q

What is infant position in ATNR?

A

position child supine with head midline

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33
Q

What is STNR?

A

stimulus: examiner passively flexes then extends child’s head and neck

response:
a. head and neck flexion produces flexion of UEs, extension of LEs
b. head and neck extension produces extension of UEs, flexion of LEs

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34
Q

What is the onset and integration period of STNR?

A

onset: 4-6 months

integration: 8-12 months

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35
Q

What is the infant position of STNR?

A

place child in vertical position supported by trunk, over your knee

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36
Q

What is an automatic postural reflex?

A
  • provide foundation for posture, balance, locomotion, and prehension
  • reactions appear during infancy and remain throughout life
  • occur in response to changes in body’s orientation and pattern of weight distribution in BOS
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37
Q

What are the 3 categories of automatic postural reactions?

A
  • protective
  • righting reactions (head and trunk)
  • equilibrium
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38
Q

What is a protective reaction?

A

extremities move out to catch person, due to fast or large movement of COG

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39
Q

What is head and trunk righting?

A
  • produce alignment of body with environment or alignment in space
  • keep head and trunk in line with each other
  • uses 3 systems:
    a. visual
    b. vestibular
    c. somatosensory
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40
Q

What is an equilibrium reaction?

A
  • response to slow shift in COG
  • orderly sequence: prone > sitting > quadruped > standing
  • lags behind attainment of movement
  • includes lateral righting and rotation
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41
Q

Which reflexes are seen in children with neurological conditions like cerebral palsy and TBI?

A
  • neonatal positive support
  • ATNR
  • STNR
42
Q

What is the order of standing balance response?

A
  • ankle: 10 months
  • stepping: 12-15 months
  • hip: ~3 years
43
Q

What is the order of standing balance responses to disturbance?

A
  • ankle: low
  • hip: medium
  • stepping: high
44
Q

When do fidgety movements develop?

A

2 to 3 months

qualities: asymmetry and physiological flexion

45
Q

When does weight on hands in prone develop?

A

4 to 6 months

qualities:
- increasing symmetry
- increasing movement against gravity
- beginning rotation

46
Q

When does head control develop?

A

4 to 6 months

qualities:
- increased symmetry
- increasing movement against gravity
- beginning rotation

47
Q

When does rolling develop?

A

4 to 6 months

qualities:
- increasing symmetry
- increasing movement against movement
- beginning rotation

48
Q

When does sitting with no hands develop?

A

7 to 9 months

qualities:
- rarely stay prone or supine
- transitions between positions
- developing trunk stability

49
Q

When does sitting up from prone develop?

A

7 to 9 months

qualities:
- rarely stay in prone or supine
- transitions between positions
- developing trunk stability

50
Q

When does creeping on hands and knees develop?

A

7 to 9 months

qualities:
- rarely stays in prone or supine
- transitions between positions
- developing trunk stability

51
Q

When does pulling to stand develop?

A

8 to 10 months

qualities:
- upright
- increased UE/LE control

52
Q

When does cruising along furniture develop?

A

10 to 12 months

qualities:
- develop lateral stability in stance
- beginning single limb postural control

53
Q

When do babies take their first steps?

A

~ 12 months (10-17) months

qualities:
- developing lateral stability
- beginning single limb postural control

54
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a newborn?

A

supine: physiological flexion, start to elongate

prone: physiological flexion with head turned to side

sitting: won’t be able to sit with no support, very wobbly

standing: automatic stepping response

55
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 1 month old?

A

supine: less physiological flexion, kick legs

prone: turn head from cheek to cheek, lifting momentarily

sitting: hold head for a few seconds, cannot sit

standing: positive support and automatic stepping reflex

56
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 2 month old?

A

month of asymmetry

supine: decreased phys flexion, ATNR peaking

prone: antigravity extension life head

sitting: head righting reactions, able to hold head

standing: loss of positive support reflex, no weight on legs

57
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 3 month old?

A

month of symmetry

supine: holds head against gravity, hands at midline

prone: shoulders abducted, can hold head, on elbows

sitting: still has head lag in sit, arms propped briefly, lumbar/hip flexion

standing: weight through legs, collapse easily

58
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 4 month old?

A

weight shift

supine: starts to weight shift, balance of head and neck extensors

prone: starts weight shift, swimming motion

sitting: less lag in sit

standing: balance of flexors and extensors, lateral head righting abilities

59
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 5 month old?

A

strong extension phase

supine: increase in flexion, hand to knee or foot play

prone: increase extension, elbows in front of shoulders, reaching

sitting: lateral righting reactions of head and begins trunk righting

standing: baby extension very strong

60
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 6 month old?

A

supine: starts equilibrium, foot to mouth

prone: log roll both directions

sitting: sit independently, pull to sit stronger

standing; weight bear symmetrically through legs

61
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 7 month old?

A

supine: equilibrium reactions, roll supine to prone with rotation

prone: increased prone mobility, pivoting, prone to supine with rotation

sitting: equilibrium reactions in sitting begin, without arm support, left alone sitting

standing: stands at furniture when placed, no lateral weight shift

62
Q

What are the developmental milestones of an 8 month old?

A

prone: quadruped weight shift for reciprocal creeping, 4 point kneeling

sitting: sitting weight shift, equilibrium reactions and transitions

standing: pull to stand with bilateral ext, lunar lordosis

63
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 9 month old?

A

prone: mature (reciprocal creeping, lateral weight shift in quadruped, 4 pt kneeling to sit

sitting: in and out of sitting, sitting to 4 point/prone

standing: begin lateral shift in standing, cruising beginning

64
Q

What are the developmental milestones of a 10 month old?

A

prone: greater leg dissociation, may move in 4 pt

standing: cruising with rotation and control lowering from standing begins

65
Q

What are the periods of development?

A
  • infancy (birth to 2yr)
  • childhood (2 yr to onset puberty)
  • adolescence ( onset of puberty to 18 yr)
  • adulthood (18 yr tp 65 yr)
  • older adulthood (>65 yr)
66
Q

What is the dynamics system theory?

A

motor development is a result of the interaction between perception and action, not just from nervous system maturation

67
Q

What are the processes of development?

A

growth: change in physical

maturation: change towards adult form and function

adaptation: changes from accommodation to environment

learning: relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from practice

68
Q

What are the three categories of growth measured in infants?

A

height, weight, and head circumference

69
Q

What are the proportional changes of infants’ body segments?

A

head: ~2x

trunk: ~3x

arms: ~ 4x

legs: ~5x

70
Q

What is the genetic theory of aging?

A
  • internal causes, specific to organisms
  • genetically determined
  • gradual failure of body systems
71
Q

What is the non-genetic theory of aging?

A
  • external causes
  • interaction with environment (pollutants)
  • pathologies or catastrophes lead to rapid decline
72
Q

What are factors that influence child movement?

A
  • individual/child
  • environment
73
Q

How do individual factors influence movement?

A
  • physical characteristics
  • body systems
  • child temperament
74
Q

What are some environmental factors that influence movement?

A
  • family: caregiving, attachment
  • culture: what is valued, expectations
  • environment: safety, experience, SES
75
Q

Why is infant positioning important?

A
  • can lead to the decrease of the chance of syndromes and ailments like SIDS
76
Q

How does baby gear impact movement?

A
  • may hinder the development of movement if left in for long periods of time
  • more equipment seen to lead to decrease in sit to stand scores
  • moderation is key
77
Q

What is important about the motor development in the first year of life?

A
  1. sequential
  2. directional, cephalic-caudal
  3. mobility and stability interplat
  4. sensation influences movement
  5. gross motor to fine motor
  6. reflex to skilled movement
  7. flex/ext to lat flex to rotation
  8. always look for variability
78
Q

How does vision develop in infants?

A

birth to 4 months: born farsighted, eye hand coordination develops, black and white to full color

5 to 8 months: vision directs grasp, depth perception

9 to 12 months: eyes and hands together, predict position

1-2 years: 1 yr= 20/20 acuity, 2 yr = binocular vision

79
Q

How does cognition develop in an infant?

A

birth to 3 months: basic senses and environment

3-6 months: stronger sense of perception

6 to 9 months: cause and effect

9 to 12 months: object permanence

1-2 yr: vocab expends, notices adult action

2-3 yr: become independent, experience shapes learning

3-4 yr: “why phase”

4-5 yr: imitate actions of adults

80
Q

Piaget Cognition Development Stages

A

infancy: sensorimotor

preschool: preoperational stage

school age: concrete operational stage

pubescence: formal operational stage

81
Q

What are the important fine motor skills of infant development?

A

plantar grasp - birth

hands together at midline - 4 months

raking - 5 months

voluntary palmar grasp - 6 months

transfer block to hand - 7 months

inferior pincer grasp - 9 to 12 months

superior pincer grasp - 12 months

82
Q

What are important self help skills children develop?

A
  • eating
  • dressing
  • grooming
  • household skills
83
Q

What is expressive language and receptive language?

A

expressive: ability to communicate using language

receptive: ability to listen and understand language

84
Q

What is the receptive and expressive lunges from birth to 3 mo?

A

receptive: turn head towards sound

expressive: eye contact, coos, goos, smiles

85
Q

What are the receptive and expressive language of 3 to 6 mo?

A

receptive: notices sounds

expressive: babbles copies sounds

86
Q

What are the receptive and expressive language of 6 to 9 mo?

A

receptive: responds to own name

expressive: consonant sounds

87
Q

What are the receptive and expressive language of 9 to 12 mo?

A

receptive: joint attention

expressive: first words

88
Q

What are the receptive and expressive language of 18 mo?

A

receptive: points to familiar objects and people

expressive: uses 20 words mostly nouns

89
Q

What are the receptive and expressive language of 24 mo?

A

receptive: understands more than 300 words

expressive: 2 word phrases

90
Q

What are the receptive and expressive language of 30 mo?

A

receptive: follow 2 step direction

expressive: consistently uses 2 to 3 words phrases

91
Q

What are the receptive and expressive language?

A

receptive: understands opposites

expressive: 4 to 5 word sentences

92
Q

What is social emotional dev of 2mo?

A
  • self calming
93
Q

What is social emotional dev of 4 mo?

A
  • social smile, copies movement
94
Q

What is social emotional dev of 6 mo?

A

knows familiar faces, self in mirror

95
Q

What is social emotional dev of 9-12 mo?

A

stranger anxiety

96
Q

What is social emotional dev of 18 mo?

A

temper tantrums begin, show affection

97
Q

What is social emotional dev of 2 yr?

A

defiant behavior, parallel and symbolic play

98
Q

What is social emotional dev of 3 yr?

A

cooperative and imaginative play

99
Q

What is social emotional dev of 4 yr?

A

prefers to play with peers

100
Q

What is social emotional dev of 5 yr?

A

more independent wants to please and be like friends

101
Q

What are the forms of play?

A
  • solitary
  • parallel: next to each other
  • associative: some shared material
  • cooperative: established rules
  • symbolic: social pretend play at 1 yr

Human Growth and Development (3 decks)

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