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SEM 1 Intro to Developmental Psych > Reflexes, Motor Development & Dynamic Systems and Perception & Action > Flashcards

Reflexes, Motor Development & Dynamic Systems and Perception & Action Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we study motor processes?

A
  • It’s interesting to study how an uncoordinated newborn, “prisoner of gravity” becomes a competent toddler
  • The only way you have to affect the world around you is by movement and exploring the environment
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2
Q

Define reflexes

A

Innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation

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3
Q

The innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation is known as a ….?

A

Reflex

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4
Q

What are the 2 reflexes that are deemed as survival/ have a clear adaptive value?

A

1) Sucking
2) Rooting

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5
Q

What reflex does not have a clear adaptive value?

A

Tonic neck reflex

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6
Q

What reflex is this?

Baby turns her head and opens her mouth when her cheek is stroked

A

Rooting

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7
Q

Define rooting

A

When a baby turns their head and opens their mouth when her cheek is stroked

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8
Q

Why do babies perform the rooting reflexes?

A
  • Because the finger stroking the cheek is similar to a nipple stroking the cheek (for feeding)
  • As a reflex, the baby thinks the finger is the nipple and opens its mouth to be fed
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9
Q

At what age does rooting disappear?

A

Around 3 weeks old and is replaced by voluntary head turning

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10
Q

What reflex is this?

When something is put in the baby’s
mouth, the baby sucks repeatedly

A

Sucking

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11
Q

Define sucking

A

When something is put in the baby’s
mouth, the baby sucks repeatedly

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12
Q

Why do babies perform the sucking reflex?

A
  • Sucking on something is similar to sucking on a nipple (for feeding purposes)
  • So when something is in their mouth, they immediately behave as if they are being fed
  • This reflex increases the chances of getting nourishment and surviving
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13
Q

At what age does sucking disappear?

A

At around 4 months old and is replaced by voluntary sucking

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14
Q

What reflex is this?

When a finger or object is pressed against the baby’s palm, the baby’s fingers close around it in a grasping action

A

Grasping reflex

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15
Q

Define grasping

A

When a finger or object is pressed against the baby’s palm, the baby’s fingers close around it in a grasping action

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16
Q

At what age does grasping disappear?

A

At around 4 months and is replaced with voluntary grasping

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17
Q

Where does the grasping reflex appear in?

A

The foot and hand (evolutionary remnant)

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18
Q

Why do babies perform the grasping reflex?

A

It’s an evolutionary remnant

In our evolutionary past, it helped us survive as grasping reflex in hands and feet may once have helped a baby cling on to their (hairy)
mother (apes/monkeys)

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19
Q

What reflex is this?

When the bottom of baby’s foot is stroked, the toes fan out and then curl

A

Babinski reflex

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20
Q

Define the Babinski reflex

A

When the bottom of baby’s foot is stroked, the toes fan out and then curl

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21
Q

At what age does the Babinski reflex disappear?

A

At around 8-12 months

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22
Q

What reflex is this?

When a baby is held upright over a flat surface, they will make rhythmic stepping movements

A

Stepping reflex

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23
Q

Define stepping reflex

A

When a baby is held upright over a flat surface, they will make rhythmic stepping movements

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24
Q

At what age does the stepping reflex disappear?

A

At around 2 months but comes back later

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25
Q

What reflex is this?

If a baby is startled by something (e.g. sudden noise or movement) then the baby throws its arms out backwards and arches its back before bringing its arms back together as if holding/hugging something

A

Moro reflex

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26
Q

Define Moro reflex

A

If a baby is startled by something (e.g. sudden noise or movement) then the baby throws its arms out backwards and arches its back before bringing its arms back together as if holding/hugging something

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27
Q

At what age does the Moro reflex disappear?

A

At around 6 months

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28
Q

Where do early simple reflexes arise from?

A

Brain stem

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29
Q

Where do more complex and coordinated reflexes arise from?

A

The maturation of the cerebral cortex

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30
Q

Describe the primary motor cortex

A

Primary motor cortex (M1)
- The first area of the cortex to develop
- Responsible for voluntary (nonreflexive) movement

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31
Q

At what age do babies begin to raise their heads?

A

1 month old

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32
Q

At what age do babies begin to control their arms and trunk?

A

3 months old

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33
Q

What is the last part of body control to develop?

A

Leg control

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34
Q

What did earlier research previously believe about infants’ motor development?

A

Motor development was believed to be an element of neurological maturity

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35
Q

Define neurological maturity in infants

A

When infants’ acquisition of new ways to interact with the world provides them with new things to learn and think about the world

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36
Q

What does modern research believe about infants’ motor development?

A

Motor development follows a dynamic systems approach (many factors work together simultaneously to influence motor development)

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37
Q

Define dynamics system

A

Mutual influence of several different systems that happen simultaneously which affects motor development

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38
Q

Who examined the stepping reflex?

A

Thelen et al.

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39
Q

What did Thelen et al. discover about the “disappearing” stepping reflex in infants?

A
  • Stepping reflex doesn’t actually disappear
  • After 2 months, as infants’ legs get fatter and heavier, they don’t have the strength to lift their legs up
  • But if you make them lighter (by putting them in water to reduce mass), they start making stepping reflexes again
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40
Q

What did Thelen’s experiment suggest about the stepping reflex?

A

The changing ratio of leg weight to strength is what made the stepping reflex disappear after the infant is 2 months old

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41
Q

List the milestones for motor development

A

1) Prone lifts head
2) Prone, chest up, uses arms for support
3) Rolls over
4) Supports some weight with legs
5) Sits without support
6) Stands with support
7) Pulls self to stand
8) Walks using furniture for support
9) Stands alone easily without support
10) Walks alone easily without support

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42
Q

At what age do babies start to lift their heads only?

A

2-3 weeks old

43
Q

At what age do babies start to lift their heads and chests up, using arms for support?

A

2-4 months old

44
Q

At what age do babies start to roll over?

A

2-4.5 months old

45
Q

At what age do babies start to support themselves/their weight with their legs?

A

3-6 months old

46
Q

At what age do babies start to sit without support?

A

4.5-7.5 months old

47
Q

At what age do babies start stand with support?

A

5-nearly 10 months old

48
Q

At what age do babies start to pull themselves up to stand?

A

6-nearly 10 months old

49
Q

At what age do babies start to walk using furniture as support?

A

7-12.5 months old

50
Q

At what age do babies start to stand alone without any support?

A

9.5-nearly 14 months old

51
Q

At what age do babies start to walk alone without any support?

A

11-14 months old

52
Q

What do mothers in Mali believe about motor development in infants?

A

Mothers in Mali believe it is important to exercise their infants to promote their physical and motor development.

53
Q

Who found that exercising babies helps to promote physical and motor development and does not harm the babies?

A

Bril & Sabatier

54
Q

At what age do infants begin to successfully reach for objects?

A

At around 3-4 months old

55
Q

What are prereaching movements and when do they occur?

A

Prereaching = clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward the general movement of objects they see

When = The first few months post-birth

56
Q

What does reaching involve?

a. A complex interaction of multiple independent components

b. A simple interaction of a singular component

A

a. A complex interaction of multiple independent components

57
Q

8-month olds are ………. to reach towards a distant object when an adult is present than if they were alone

a. more likely
b. less likely

A

a. more likely

58
Q

Why are 8-month-olds more likely to reach towards a distant object when an adult is present than if they were alone?

A

Because reaching has a social component

This means that infants view adults as someone who is able to help them accomplish goals when they can’t do so on their own

59
Q

What term is used to define how children use their hands to grasp objects and not just simply reach for them?

A

Manual dexterity

60
Q

Define manual dexterity

A

How children use their hands to grasp objects and not just simply reach for them

61
Q

At what age do infants’ reaching ability become fairly stable?

A

At about 7 months when they gain the ability to sit without support

62
Q

At what age do infants’ reaching ability become a grasping approach depending on the task?

A

By 9-10 months old

63
Q

At what age do infants show sophisticated manual dexterity?

A

By 1 year old

64
Q

At what age do infants simply grasp with their whole hand to pick up an object?

A

28 weeks (7 months) old

65
Q

At what age do infants perform the scissors grasp with all of their fingers (kind of like a duck hand) to pick up an object?

A

36 weeks (9-10 months) old

66
Q

At what age do infants perform the pincer grasp with only their thumb and index finger to pick up an object?

A

52 weeks (12 months/1 year) old

67
Q

What term is used to describe when babies move around in the environment on their own and are no longer limited to being only where someone else puts them?

A

Self locomotion

68
Q

Define self locomotion

A

When babies move around in the environment on their own and are no longer limited to being only where someone else puts them

69
Q

How do infants learn whether it is safe enough for them to move on particular surfaces?

A
  • Infants constantly evaluate whether their developing skills are adequate enough for them to travel from one point to another
  • They must watch out for slipper surfaces, slops, nig gaps, etc
  • They must adjust their mode of locomotion to perception of properties of the surface they want to travel on
70
Q

How do infants learn whether it is safe enough for them to move on particular surfaces?

A
  • Infants constantly evaluate whether their developing skills are adequate enough for them to travel from one point to another
  • They must watch out for slippery surfaces, slops, nig gaps, etc
  • They must adjust their mode of locomotion to perception of properties of the surface they want to travel on
71
Q

At what age do infants become capable of self-locomotion for the first time as they begin to crawl?

A

At around 8 months

72
Q

How do infants learn how to independently move themselves?

A

Learning to move independently involves
integrating movement from many different parts of the body

73
Q

Why do doctors advise parents to put their babies to sleep on their backs?

A

To reduce the risk of SIDS

74
Q

What makes infants less likely to roll over on scheduled time (based on the milestone table)?

A

When babies sleep on their backs

75
Q

How can sleeping on their backs slow down rolling over in infancy?

A

When babies are on their backs, they can clearly see their surroundings and are not motivated to get into a crawling position

When babies sleep on their tummy, they can’t really see their surroundings so they feel motivated to practice how to roll over

76
Q

How can sleeping on their backs slow down crawling in infancy?

A

When babies spend less time on their tummies, their arm strength may develop more slowly

77
Q

By 18 months old, are there any differences in the development of infant crawling when babies sleep on their backs?

A

No, there is supposedly no difference

78
Q

As infants learn about objects, they perceive that different objects offer different …..?

A

Affordances

79
Q

Define affordances

A

Things in the environment which allow us to meet our needs

80
Q

How do infants learn about affordances

A

Through their own actions

81
Q

At what age do infants begin to walk independently?

A

At around 13-14 months old

82
Q

Who found that infants do not transfer learning from what they know about crawling down
slopes to walking down them?

A

Adolph et al.

83
Q

What does it mean by infants “do not transfer learning” from what they know about crawling down slopes to walking down them?

A

Infants don’t transfer learning

Instead, they update information about their surroundings continuously

84
Q

Describe the visual cliff paradigm

A

The visual cliff paradigm uses a table with an apparently steep drop that is covered with a
transparent glass that can support the weight of an infant

85
Q

What experiment used a table with an apparently steep drop that is covered with a transparent glass that can support the weight of an infant?

A

Visual cliff paradigm

86
Q

Who found that 6-14- month-old infants would not cross the deep side of the cliff is a visual cliff paradigm?

A

Gibson and Walk (1960)

87
Q

Gibson and Walk (1960) found that 6-14- month-old infants would not cross the deep side of the cliff. What does this suggest about infants’ perception of heights?

A

The findings suggest that infants perceive and understand the depth cue of relative size

Infants use the visual info of the cliff to judge whether it is safe to cross or not

88
Q

Who built onto Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff study?

A

Campos et al.

89
Q

What were the findings of Campos et al’s visual cliff experiment?

A

1) 1½-month-old infants could perceive the difference in depth but showed no fear of the deep side (heart rate)

2) Early crawlers avoided heights earlier

90
Q

According to Campos et al., at what age do infants perceive the difference in depth of the visual cliff but showed no fear of the deep side (heart rate)?

Simply = infants were aware the cliff was steep but were not scared to cross over

A

1½-month-old

91
Q

Why do infants with crawling experience show hesitance when they see a cliff in the visual cliff experiment?

A

Infants who have had crawling experience often develop an earlier understanding of depth and drop-offs on the surface they travel (they become more sensitive to their peripheral vision)

They have object permanence

92
Q

Who said this?

“We must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive”

A

Gibson (1979)

93
Q

What is the term used to describe the use of another person’s emotional reaction to interpret an ambiguous situation?

A

Social referencing

94
Q

How do infants apply the concept of social referencing when performing the visual cliff experiment?

A

The infant looks at their mother/caregiver for social cues of whether it is safe to cross the cliff or not

e.g. If the infant sees her mother smiling and encouraging her to cross the cliff, the infant will be more likely to cross over, despite being scared to do so before

95
Q

What is the term used to describe when toddlers try to treat a miniature replica object as if it was a much larger real one?

A

Scale error

96
Q

Define scale error

A

When toddlers try to treat a miniature replica object as if it was a much larger real one

97
Q

Who proposed that children make scale errors?

A

DeLoache et al

98
Q

One little boy is perched on top of a miniature chair, trying to sit in it just like he did with a similar-looking real chair

What is this an example of?

A

Scale error

99
Q

Why do children make scale errors? List 3 reasons

A

1) Dissociation between dorsal/ventral visual processing streams?

  • Somehow the visual information for planning an action is not correctly integrated with the system for executing that action
  1. Centration
  • The tendency of children in the preoperational stage to attend to one aspect of a problem, object, or situation at a time, to the exclusion of others
  1. Failure to inhibit an automatically afforded action
  • e.g. “cars are for driving”, so children think just because its a car, they can simply sit on it despite the size
100
Q

Which of the following statements describes the Babinski reflex?

A. When the infant is startled, the arms are thrown outwards and then brought back together
B. When the cheek is touched, the head turns and the mouth opens
C. When a finger is pressed against the palm, the fingers close around it
D. When the bottom of the foot is stroked, the toes fan out and then curl

A

D. When the bottom of the foot is stroked, the toes fan out and then curl

101
Q

The rooting reflex

A. may have helped the infant cling to the mother in our evolutionary past.
B. helps a breastfed baby find the mother’s nipple.
C. can be restored in older babies by submerging them in water up to the waist.
D. has an unknown function.

A

B. helps a breastfed baby find the mother’s nipple.

102
Q

Joey is a toddler who sometimes tries to climb into his toy car. When he does this, he is exhibiting

A. A scale error
B. Specificity of motor learning
C. A visual cliff
D. Learning transfer

A

A. A scale error

103
Q

Infants’ experience with __________ is most likely to be linked to the development of their refusal to cross the deep side of the visual cliff

A. Crawling
B. Rolling
C. Reaching and grasping
D. Walking

A

A. Crawling

SEM 1 Intro to Developmental Psych (10 decks)

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