Emotions

Question 1

What do emotions represent?

Answer 1

An evaluative response to a situation or stimulus

Question 2

What are the 3 aspects involved in emotion?

Answer 2

1) Physiological response
2) Cognition
3) Behaviour

Question 3

What is the term used to describe the physical effects of emotion?

e.g. slightly increased pulse rate, sweaty palms, “butterflies” in your stomach when you are feeling scared

Answer 3

Physiological response

Question 4

What is the term used to describe a subjective, conscious experience or the cognitive interpretation of physiological arousal?

e.g. anxiety vs excitement

Answer 4

Cognition

Question 5

What is the term used to describe an overt expression of our emotions?

e.g. facial expressions of emotion

Answer 5

Behaviour

Question 6

What term is used to describe the changes in physiology, subjective feelings, and overt behaviour due to a motivational force or action
tendency?

Answer 6

Emotion

Question 7

Who proposed the discrete emotions theory?

Answer 7

Tomkins (1962) and Izard (1991)

Question 8

What did Tomkins (1962) and Izard (1991) argue about emotions? (Discrete emotions theory)

Answer 8

1) Emotions are innate and are distinct from one another from very early in life

2) Each emotion is packaged with a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions

Question 9

Which emotion theory argued that emotions are innate?

Answer 9

Discrete emotion theory

Question 10

Which emotion theory argued that emotions are different from one another from a very early age?

Answer 10

Discrete emotion theory

Question 11

Which emotion theory argued that each emotion has a specific and unique set of body and facial expressions?

Answer 11

Discrete emotion theory

Question 12

Who proposed the functionalist approach to emotion?

Answer 12

Campos et al. (1994) and Saarni et al. (1998)

Question 13

What did Campos et al. (1994) and Saarni et al. (1998) argue about emotions in the functionalist approach?

Answer 13

1) Emotions are not different from one another early in life
2) The environment influences emotional development
3) The basic function of emotions are to promote action toward achieving a goal

Question 14

Which emotion theory argues that emotions are not innate and each emotion is not different from one another in early life?

Answer 14

The functionalist approach

Question 15

Which emotion theory argues that the environment influences emotional development?

Answer 15

The functionalist approach

Question 16

Which emotion theory argues that emotions have a purpose and that we learn to associate certain environments with certain emotions?

Answer 16

The functionalist approach

Question 17

How do researchers objectively study what emotions an infant is displaying/feeling?

Answer 17

Coding and classifying the emotional meaning of infants’ facial expressions

Question 18

How does coding identify and classify the emotions of infants?

Answer 18

These systems identify emotions first by coding dozens of facial cues and then by analysing the combination in which these cues are present

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of coding infants’ emotions?

Answer 19

• It is often hard to determine exactly which emotions infants are experiencing
• It is particularly difficult to differentiate among the various negative emotions that young infants express

Question 20

How can we tell if an infant is feeling happy?

Answer 20

1) Smiling
2) Laughing

Question 21

According to White (1985), what type of smile do infants direct towards people and first emerge as early as 6-7 weeks old?

Answer 21

Social smile

Question 22

When do social smiles emerge in infants?

Answer 22

As early as 6-7 weeks old

Question 23

Define social smile

Answer 23

Smiles that infants direct towards people

Question 24

At what age do infants start to laugh as well as smile during a variety of activities?

Answer 24

After about 3-4 months old

Question 25

At what age do infants start to smile primarily at familiar people, rather than at people in general?

Answer 25

At about 7 months old

Question 26

At what age do infants start to clown around and are delighted when they can make other people laugh?

Answer 26

During their second year (before their 3rd birthday)

Question 27

What is the first negative emotion infants display?

Answer 27

Generalised distress

Question 28

At what age can infants' facial expressions of anger or sadness be differentiated from distress/pain in some contexts?

Answer 28

By 2 months old

Question 29

At what age is differentiating between infants’ anger and other negative emotions no longer difficult?

Answer 29

By their 2nd year (before their 3rd birthday)

Question 30

What makes the interpretation of negative emotions in infants difficult?

Answer 30

Infants sometimes display negative emotions that seem unrelated to the situation they are experiencing

Question 31

What is the term used to describe when infants have negative emotions (anger and distress/pain) that are not differentiated in most contexts?

Answer 31

Undifferentiated distress

Question 32

At what age do infants show clear signs of fear?

Answer 32

At around 6-7 months old

Question 33

When do 6-7-month-old infants show clear signs of fear? Under what circumstances?

Answer 33

When unfamiliar people no longer provide comfort and pleasure similar to that provided by familiar people (Camras et al., 1991)

Question 34

How long does a fear of strangers last for in infants?

Answer 34

Until about 2 years old

Question 35

At what age do children display fears of other things (i.e. loud noises)?

Answer 35

At around 7 months old

Question 36

At what age do children's fear of other things (i.e. loud noises) start to decline?

Answer 36

After about 12 months old

Question 37

At what age is anger likely to be distinct from other negative emotions in infants?

Answer 37

By 4-8 months old

Question 38

At what age do children often show anger when control is taken away from them or when they get frustrated?

Answer 38

During their 2nd year

Question 39

At what age are children better at controlling their environment?

Answer 39

During their 2nd year

Question 40

When young children are separated from their parents for extended periods of time, they can show intense and prolonged ....? a. Anger b. Sadness c. Happiness d. Frustration

Answer 40

b. Sadness

Question 41

What is this type of emotion? Feelings that relate to our sense of self, and our awareness of how others react to us

Answer 41

Self-conscious emotions

Question 42

Guilt, shame, embarrassment and pride are all examples of what kind of emotion?

Answer 42

Self-conscious emotion

Question 43

At what age do self-conscious emotions emerge in infants?

Answer 43

During their 2nd year

Question 44

At what age do infants feel embarrassed when made the centre of attention (Lewis, 1995)?

Answer 44

At about 15-24 months old

Question 45

At what age do infants feel pride that is increasingly tied to their level of performance (Lewis et al., 1992)?

Answer 45

At about 3 years old

Question 46

What type of emotion is this? This emotion is associated with empathy for others and involves feelings of remorse, regret, and the desire to make amends

Answer 46

Guilt

Question 47

What type of emotion is this? This emotion is unrelated to concern about others and involves a desire to hide and be less conspicuous

Answer 47

Shame

Question 48

What type of emotion is this? Feeling responsible of any wrong doings you have done

Answer 48

Guilt

Question 49

What type of emotion is this? Not feeling any remorse for the wrongdoings you have done as trying to run away from taking responsibility

Answer 49

Shame

Question 50

Which emotion leads to more prosocial and responsible behaviour? a. Shame b. Guilt

Answer 50

b. Guilt

Question 51

Why does guilt lead to more prosocial and responsible behaviour?

Answer 51

Because when you feel guilty, you behave in a prosocial way to make up for the "bad" things you've done

Question 52

How can you influence infants' feelings of guilt and shame?

Answer 52

Caregivers must address the child to take responsibility for their wrongdoing rather than simply scold them or raise their voice to scare them

Question 53

What did Barrett et al. find in their study of 2-year-olds' feelings of shame and guilt?

Answer 53

- 2-year-olds “broke” a rigged doll - Those who showed shame avoided the adult when they returned to the room and delayed telling them about the broken doll - Those who showed guilt repaired the doll and told the adult soon after they returned

Question 54

When do children start to become less intense and less emotionally negative?

Answer 54

In the preschool and early school years

Question 55

What do children of school-age fear compared to children younger than school age?

Answer 55

School-age children’s fears are generally related to real-life important issues rather than monsters (Silverman et al., 1995)

Question 56

Where does happiness come from in school-age children?

Answer 56

From achieving goals and acceptance by peers

Question 57

What determines whether school-age children will be angered or not?

Answer 57

Children’s perceptions of others’ motives and intentions

Question 58

Angela is 7 years old and had just started elementary school. She sees a younger girl steal 1 cookie from a cookie jar but nothing is broken Meanwhile, she sees another younger girl accidentally knocking down the jar of cookies Which girl is more in the wrong, according to Angela? a. Young girl who took 1 cookie b. Young girl who broke the jar

Answer 58

a. Young girl who took 1 cookie

Question 59

What emotions are younger children best at identifying?

Answer 59

Happiness

Question 60

When do children's ability to distinguish different negative emotions appear?

Answer 60

During the late preschool and early school years (Eisenberg et al.,1997)

Question 61

At what age can infants distinguish certain emotional expressions such as happiness and surprise?

Answer 61

By 4-7 months old

Question 62

At what age can infants start using social referencing to read others' facial, gestural, or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel or ambiguous situations?

Answer 62

By 8-12 months old

Question 63

Who proposed that 2-year-olds can identify happy situations in stories but were less accurate in identifying sad situations?

Answer 63

Borke (1971)

Question 64

At what age are children good at identifying happy situations in stories but are poor at identifying sad situations in stories?

Answer 64

2 years old

Question 65

At what age are children good at identifying happy situations in stories and are also good at identifying sad situations in stories?

Answer 65

4 years old

Question 66

At what age do children's explanations for why peers experience negative emotions (e.g., being teased or losing a toy) somewhat similar to those of adults?

Answer 66

At 4-6 years old

Question 67

When do children’s understanding of the difference between real and false emotions improve considerably?

Answer 67

From 3-5 years old

Question 68

When do children develop a more refined understanding of emotional display rules?

Answer 68

During the preschool and primary school years

Question 69

What is the term used to describe a social group’s informal norms about when, where and how much one should display emotions, and when and where one should suppress them?

Answer 69

Emotional display rules

Question 70

What contributes to children's understanding of display rules?

Answer 70

- Cognitive development - Social factors (i.e. gender)

Question 71

What type of display rules are used for the purpose of protecting another’s feelings?

Answer 71

Prosocial display rules

Question 72

What type of display rules are used for personal gain? e.g. pretending not to be bothered by losing a race

Answer 72

Self-protective display rules

Question 73

Who proposed a study investigating the development of display rules in children?

Answer 73

Gnepp and Hess (1986)

Question 74

What happened in Gnepp and Hess' study investigating the development of display rules in children?

Answer 74

1) Examined children in 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 10th grade (aged approx. 5, 7, 9 and 14 years) 2) Children were presented with 4 figures, each figure displaying an emotion verbally as well as having a facial expression of an emotion stuck to their chest 3) Children were told to predict and explain what characters would feel and say in the emotion-laden situations

Question 75

What did the results in Gnepp and Hess' study investigating the development of display rules in children suggest?

Answer 75

1) The use of display rules increased up to 5th grade (age 9) 2) Children’s understanding was greater for verbal display rules than for facial display rules 3) Children also understood prosocial display rules better than self-protective display rules

Question 76

Children’s understanding was greater for (........) display rules than for (.......) display rules Verbal or Facial?

Answer 76

1. Verbal 2. Facial

Question 77

Children understand (........) display rules better than (...........) display rules Prosocial or self-protective?

Answer 77

1. Prosocial 2. Self-protective

Question 78

At what age do children realise that they can feel 2 compatible emotions at the same time? e.g. “I’m happy and excited when I have a birthday"

Answer 78

Between 5-7 years old

Question 79

When do children realise that they (and others) can simultaneously experience positive and negative emotions related to different sources (Harter & Buddin, 1987)? e.g. “I was happy about my grade on the test but worried about my granny in hospital”

Answer 79

At around 7-10 years old

Question 80

At what age do children begin to understand emotional ambivalence or experience both negative and positive emotions towards the same event (Donaldson & Westerman, 1986)?

Answer 80

At around 10 years old

Question 81

Baby Andrew is 7 months old. Which of the following is Andrew likely to express? a) Anger when their control of the environment is taken away b) Fear of unfamiliar people c) Smiling at strangers d) Guilt and/or shame

Answer 81

b) Fear of unfamiliar people

Question 82

Baby Alice is 9 months old and is afraid of loud noises and the visual cliff. By the time she is 20 months old, she is likely to show a fear response towards: a) Loud noises only b) Neither loud noises nor the visual cliff c) Loud noises and the visual cliff d) The visual cliff only

Answer 82

d) The visual cliff only

Question 83

Rahim smiles when his aunt gives him a coconut cake on his birthday, even though he doesn’t like coconut. What sort of emotional display is Rahim using? a) A prosocial display rule b) An ambivalent display rule c) A verbal display rule d) A self-protective display rule

Answer 83

a) A prosocial display rule

Question 84

Rahim smiles when his aunt gives him a coconut cake on his birthday, even though he doesn’t like coconut. What sort of emotional display is Rahim using? a) A prosocial display rule b) An ambivalent display rule c) A verbal display rule d) A self-protective display rule

Answer 84

a) A prosocial display rule