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Reflex Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

involuntary movement reaction that is elicited by a form of sensory stimulus like sound, light, touch, or body position.

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2
Q

What are the most significant and retained primitive reflexes

A

symmetrical
asymmetrical tonic neck reflexes
the tonic labyrinthine reflex
the moro reflex
spinal galant reflex

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3
Q

What happens if asymmetrical tonic neck reflex doesn’t disappear

A

prevents child from achieving hand skills done on midline
Ex: handwriting

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4
Q

What happens if tonic labyrinthine reflex doesn’t disappear

A

affects balance and visual tracking

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5
Q

The ________causes children to be hypersensitive and have difficulty in concentrating.

A

moro reflex

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6
Q

this reflex produces a wriggle at the bottom of the spine which makes it very difficult for them to sit still for long.

A

Spinal galant

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7
Q

Factors that Affect Child’s Motor Development

A
  1. Rate of physical and neurological maturation
  2. Quality and variety of child’s movement experiences
  3. The conditions (environmental/genetic) that may affect motor efficiency
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8
Q

Role of Reflexes in Infant Development

A
  1. Protection and survival
  2. Nutrition
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9
Q

Lobe that is responsible for suppressing primitive reflex in adults

A

Frontal lobe

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10
Q

examples of conditions that may cause the primitive reflexes to reappear for adults

A

Neurological conditions like dementia, traumatic lesions and stroke

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11
Q

examples of conditions that may cause the primitive reflexes to reappear for older children and adults

A

cerebral palsy

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12
Q

If primitive reflexes remain beyond_____months of life they are termed aberrant and may result in immature patterns of behavior and despite the acquisition of later skills may cause immature systems to remain.

A

6-12 months

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13
Q

Reflex that should be inhibited when rolling over

A

Moro, startle, ATNR

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14
Q

Reflex that should be inhibited when in balance

A

ATNR, Moro, Startle, Tonic neck reflexes

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15
Q

Reflex that should be inhibited when standing alone

A

Plantar grasp
Babinki reflex

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16
Q

_______ must disappear to be able to rollover and to put
hands in midline to play and have normal eye-hand
coordination

A

ATNR

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17
Q

instinctive response to seek food
aka Search reflex, where the newborn turns its head toward the stimulus in search of nourishment

A

Rooting Reflex

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18
Q

The earliest form of “fight or flight” (reaction to stress)

A

moro reflex

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19
Q

Rotation of the head to one side
- Flexion of skull limbs, extension of the jaw limbs, “bow and arrow” or “ fencing” posture.

A

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

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20
Q

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Onset and Integrated

A

Onset: Birth
Integrated:4-6 months

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21
Q

When retained, the ATNR can result in the following manifestations:

A
  1. Homolateral movements when walking, marching skipping instead of cross-pattern movements
  2. Difficulty crossing the midline, can’t manipulate objects with both hands, poor ocular pursuit movements, fails to establish a preferred hand/eye/leg/ear dominant side
  3. Mixed laterality
  4. Poor handwriting and poor expression of ideas on paper
  5. Visual-perceptual difficulties
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22
Q

Persistence may impede head raising when prone or supine, inhibit reaching and grasping, sitting and walking

A

Symmetrical Tone Reflex

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23
Q
A
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24
Q
A
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26
Q

Noxious stimulus (pinprick) to sole of foot. Tested in supine or sitting position.

response: Toes extend, foot dorsiflexes, entire leg flexes uncontrollably.

Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integrated: 1-2 months

A

Flexor Withdrawal

27
Q

Noxious stimulus to ball of foot of extremity fixed in extension; tested in supine position

RESPONSE
Opposite lower extremity flexes, then adducts and extends. Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integrated: 1-2 months

A

CROSSED EXTENSION

28
Q

STIMULUS
Grasp forearm and pull up from supine into sitting position.

RESPONSE
Grasp and total flexion of the upper extremity Onset: 28 weeks gestation Integrated: 2-5 months

29
Q

STIMULUS
Sudden change in position of head in relation to trunk; drop patient backward from sitting position

RESPONSE
Extension: abduction of upper extremities, hand opening, and crying followed by flexion, adduction of arms across chest.
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integrated: 5-6 months

30
Q

STIMULUS
Sudden loud or harsh noise

RESPONSE
Sudden extension or abduction of arms, crying.
Onset: birth Integrated: persists

31
Q

STIMULUS
Maintained pressure to palm of hand (palmar grasp) or to ball of foot under toes (plantar grasp)

RESPONSE
Maintained flexion of fingers or toes Onset: palmar: birth plantar: 28 weeks gestation
Integrated: palmar: 4-6 months plantar: 9 months

32
Q

STIMULUS
Rotation of the head to one side
RESPONSE
Flexion of skull limbs, extension of the jaw limbs, “bow and arrow” or “fencing” posture
Onset: birth Integrated: 4-6 months

33
Q

STIMULUS
Flexion or extension of the head

RESPONSE
With head flexion: flexion of arms, extension of legs
With head extension: extension of arms, flexion of legs
Onset: 4-6 months Integrated: 8-12 months

34
Q

STIMULUS
Prone or supine position

RESPONSE
With prone position: increased flexor tone/ flexion of all limbs
With supine position: increased extensor tone/ extension of all limbs
Onset: birth
Integrated: 6 months

A

TONIC/BRAINSTEM REFLEX: SYMMETRICAL TONIC LABYRINTHINE (TLR OR STLR)

35
Q

STIMULUS
Contact to ball of the foot in upright standing position
RESPONSE
Rigid extension (cocontraction) of the lower extremities Onset: birth Integrated: 6 months

A

TONIC/BRAINSTEM REFLEX: POSITIVE SUPPORTING

36
Q

STIMULUS
Resisted voluntary movement in any part of the body
RESPONSE
Involuntary movement in a resting extremity Onset: birth – 3 months
Integrated: 8-9 years

A

TONIC/BRAINSTEM REFLEX: ASSOCIATED REACTIONS

37
Q

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Neck righting action on the body (NOB)

A

STIMULUS
Passively turn head to one side; tested in supine.
RESPONSE
Body rotates as a whole (log rolls) to align the body with the head
Onset: 4-6 months Integrated: 5 years

38
Q

STIMULUS
Passively rotate upper or lower trunk segment; tested in supine
RESPONSE
Body segment not rotated follows to align the body with the head
Onset: 4-6 months Integrated: 5 years

A

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Body righting acting on the body
(BOB)

39
Q

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Labyrinthine head righting (LR)

A

STIMULUS
Occlude vision; alter body position by tipping body in all directions
RESPONSE
Head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal Onset: birth – 2 months
Integrated: persists

40
Q

STIMULUS
Alter body positions by tipping body in all direction
RESPONSE
Head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal Onset: birth – 2 months
Integrated: persists

A

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Optical righting (OR)

41
Q

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Body righting acting on head (BOH)

A

STIMULUS
Place in prone or supine position
RESPONSE
Head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal Onset: birth – 2 months
Integrated: 5 years

42
Q

Protection and survival REFLEX

A

Moro reflex
ATNR
Parachute Reflex

42
Q

STIMULUS
Displace center of gravity outside the base of support
RESPONSE
Arms or legs extend and abduct to support and to protect the body against falling Onset: arms: 4-6 months; legs: 6-9 months
Integrated: persists

A

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: PROTECTIVE EXTENSION

43
Q

Nutrition REFLEXES

A

Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex

44
Q

movements produced by small muscles
* usually involves the hands or fingers

A

Fine Motor Control

45
Q
  • movements produced by large muscles
  • movements that move the body in space
A
  • Gross Motor Control
46
Q

Locomotion with the body in a prone position, trunk on the ground. The feet or arms exert a pushing motion and the arms engage in pulling.

47
Q

Locomotion on hands and knees with the trunk
off the ground.
* first, one limb at a time then contralateral movement of opposite leg and arm

48
Q

Skip

A

a gait in which steps and hops alternate
* Skipping is the combination of a walk and a hop.
* you step on one foot and hop in place on the same foot, then you step on the other foot and hop in place.

49
Q

gallop

A

you take a step with one foot bringing the other foot up behind it, then you shift your weight to the back foot.
* The foot that led then leads again and the moves are repeated.

50
Q

Compensations for inadequate balance:

A
  1. Wide base of support
  2. Hyper-rotation of toes
  3. Larger lateral sway
  4. Hyper-flexion of knees
  5. Arms in high guard
  6. Shorter swing phase
  7. Longer double support phase
51
Q

Compensations for inadequate strength:

A
  1. Flat foot contact
  2. Shorter swing phase
  3. Rigid arms
52
Q

Phase 1 of Development

A

reflexes to rudimentary movements

53
Q

Phases 2 of Development

A

fundamental skills

54
Q

Phase 3 of Development

A

specific movement skills appear
fundamental skills become more refined

55
Q

Phase 4 of Development

A

movements are specialized

56
Q

Attempts to lift head in midline

A

Typical Age: 1 month
Age range: 1-2 months

57
Q

Astasia
Abasia
Fencer’s posture

A

Typical Age: 2 months
Age range: 1-4 mo

58
Q

Rolling supine to Side-lying non segmentally

A

Typical Age: 3 months
Age range: 2-4 months

59
Q

Beginning midline head control

A

Typical Age: 3 months
Age range: 2-3 months

60
Q

Hands to midline and POE head to 90 deg chin tuck

A

Typical Age: 4 months
Age range: 3-5 months

HGD MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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