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Mental Health 1 > References > Flashcards

References Flashcards

1
Q

Gambling: Petry, 2015

A

Pathological gamblers have decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatal activity (decision-making areas) than healthy controls

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2
Q

Gambling: Loraines et al, 2011

A

Pathological gambling comorbidities include substance abuse 57.5%, mood disorders 37.9%, anxiety disorders 37.4%, antisocial personality disorder 28.8%

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3
Q

Gambling: Lahti et al, 2010; Ward et al, 2018

A

Naltrexone decreases relapse in abstinent pathological gamblers

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4
Q

Drugs: King et al, 2008

A

Deaths per million users: 20k heroin, 170 cocaine, 70 amphetamine, 50 MDMA, 5 cannabis

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5
Q

Drugs: Gore et al, The Lancet, 2011

A

Alcohol is the biggest global cause of disability in 15-24 year olds

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6
Q

Drugs: Hickman et al, 2007

A

Cannabis use increased 20x in last 40 years

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7
Q

Drugs: Kohn et al, 2004

A

<10% of patients with alcohol dependence are treated, 92% don’t present

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8
Q

Drugs: Heather et al, 2010

A

Only 50% of alcoholics want to be abstinent

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9
Q

Drugs: NICE, 2011

A

One quarter of the UK consumed alcohol in a harmful way and 5% are dependent

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10
Q

Drugs: Obernier et al, 2002

A

Alcohol activates microglia, with activated microglia present for 14 days after last dose in alcohol-dependent rats

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11
Q

Drugs: He and Crews, 2008

A

Post-mortem, the brains of alcoholics have more microglia and inflammatory cytokines in their cingulate cortex, midbrain, VTA, and amygdala than non-alcoholics

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12
Q

Drugs: Weaver et al, 2003

A

75% of addicts have a co-morbid mental health condition - 26% major depression, 8% psychosis

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13
Q

PTSD: Kessler et al, 1995

A

Lifetime PTSD prevalence 8%

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14
Q

PTSD: Yehuda et al, 1991

A

PTSD associated with impaired HPA axis sensitivity and decreased hippocampal volume

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15
Q

ARFID: Bryant-Waugh et al, 2010

A

3 ARFID subtypes - restricted, phobic, sensory

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16
Q

ARFID: Katzman et al, 2014

A

63% of Canadian paediatricians surveyed in Canada unaware of ARFID as a diagnosis

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17
Q

Eating disorders: Smink et al, 2016

A

During adolescence, anorexia incidence 26.7 per 100k (50 in girls) and bulimia incidence 25.8 per 100k (50 in girls)

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18
Q

Eating disorders: Hunger et al, 2018

A

Being labelled as fat aged 14 increases unhealthy weight control behaviours and disordered eating over next 5 years, regardless of original BMI

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19
Q

Eating disorders: Patton et al, 1999

A

Dieting increases eating disorder risk 18x

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20
Q

CAMH: Kim-Cohen et al, 2003

A

75% of adults with a mental health diagnosis had a previous MH diagnosis under 18

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21
Q

CAMH: Hankin et al, 1998

A

Depression incidence pre-puberty equal in boys and girls, at puberty increases in both but more in girls, by 15 incidence 2x greater in girls

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22
Q

CAMH: Gore et al, The Lancet, 2011

A

45% of the worldwide disease and disability in young people can be attributed to depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcohol abuse

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23
Q

Conduct disorder: Meltzer et al, 2000

A

Conduct disorder prevalence 4% in 5-10y/o, 6% in 10-15y/o

24
Q

Conduct disorder: Scott et al, 2001

A

Children with conduct disorder cost society 10x as much as children without it

25
Q

Conduct disorder: Jusyte et al, 2019

A

Childhood conduct disorder associated with rule-breaking even in the absence of gain

26
Q

Conduct disorder: Biederman, 2005

A

ADHD comorbid with conduct disorder in 30-50% of cases

27
Q

ODD: Demmer et al, 2017

A

ODD M:F ratio 1.6:1

28
Q

ADHD: Neumann, 2007

A

Smoking during pregnancy increases ADHD risk in offspring 9x only in presence of DAT1 transporter risk allele

29
Q

ADHD: Demontis et al, 2018

A

GWAS implicated genetic loci include those for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine receptors D2,D3,D5, COMT, nicotinic receptors, and SNAP-25

30
Q

ADHD: Jahad et al, 2000

A

Medication (methylphenidate, dexamphetamine, atomoxetine) efficacious for ADHD but efficacy decreases over time

31
Q

CAMH: Carballo et al, 2010

A

Childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders have temporal stability - highest for phobic and social anxiety disorders

32
Q

CAMH: Walkup et al, 2008

A

Combination CBT and SSRI most effecitive for child/adolescent anxiety (80% response), each individually 55% response, placebo <25%

33
Q

PD: Brodsky et al, 1995

A

60% of those diagnosed with borderline PD experienced childhood physical or sexual abuse

34
Q

PD: Lewis and Appleby, 1989

A

Patients with PD seen as more demanding, less deserving of care, attention-seeking, annoying, in control of their suicidal urges

35
Q

PD: Bateman and Fonagy, 2009

A

Mentalisation based treatment - 18 months 2x week, focus on living in here and now - more effective than standard treatment for PD (reduced self-harm and suicide attempts, improved social functioning)

36
Q

PD: Linehan et al, 2006

A

Dialetical behaviour therapy for PD - focusing on mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance

37
Q

PD: McMain et al, 2009

A

DBT for PD produced a marked reduction in self-harm, with some evidence of reduction in emotional distress

38
Q

PD: Newton-Howes, 2010

A

PD patients make up 40% of those in contact with secondary mental health services

39
Q

PD: Frogley et al, 2013

A

Clozapine improves PD symptoms, especially aggression, but is associated with significant increase in weight

40
Q

ID: Broman et al, 1987

A

14% of mildly intellectually disabled have concurrent major CNS disorder compared to 72% of severe

41
Q

ID: Vicari et al, 2013

A

Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, responsible for 33% of cases

42
Q

CAMH: Wolfe et al, 2014

A

Siblings of those with severe childhood mental illness receive less education and are more likely to be unemployed than those without a severely mentally ill sibling

43
Q

Scizophrenia: Liddle, 1990

A

3 syndromes of schizophrenia: psychomotor poverty, disorganisation syndrome, reality distortion

44
Q

Schizophrenia: Saha et al, 2007

A

Risk of death in schizophrenics 2.5x that of general population

45
Q

Schizophrenia: Correll et al, 2017

A

Link between schizophrenia and cardiovascular disease: HPA dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, peripheral immune activation, neuroinflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, genetic links, epigenetic interactions

46
Q

Schizophrenia: Jablensky & Cole, 1997

A

Gender difference in age of onset (younger in males, biphasic in females)

47
Q

Schizophrenia: Sakar et al, 2016

A

Schizophrenia associated with genetic variation in MHC class II and complement C4

48
Q

Schizophrenia: Carlborg, 2010

A

Suicide 12x more common in schizophrenics than general population

49
Q

Schizophrenia: Leucht et al, 2012

A

Antipsychotic drugs increase response in acute psychosis from 24% (placebo) to 41%, for maintenance reduce relapse rates from 57% to 22%

50
Q

Schizophrenia: Siskind et al, 2016

A

Clozapine is superior to other antipsychotics in reducing positive symptoms in the short and long-term; superior for negative symptoms only in short-term

51
Q

Schizophrenia: Dahoun et al, 2017

A

In animal models, DISC1 causes increased locomotion and nucleus accumbens dopamine release after amphetamine administration, and inconsistent basal dopamine levels, dopamine receptor levels, and binding potential

52
Q

Schizophrenia/PWS: Aman et al, 2018

A

Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome have an increased risk of psychosis if their PWS is due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy, rather than 15q11-13 deletions of paternal origin

53
Q

Schizophrenia/PWS: Boer et al, The Lancet, 2002

A

62% of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy have symptoms of psychosis

54
Q

Schizophrenia: Purcell et al, 2014

A

No evidence from next generation sequencing of increased frequency of de novo mutations in schizophrenia, but mutations more common in synaptic pathways (ARC, MNDAr, FMRP)

55
Q

Schizophrenia: Barnes et al, 2011

A

Zinc transporter gene ZnT3 implicated in schizophrenia (4 SNPs) with a dominant model for disease penetrance

Mental Health 1 (35 decks)

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