References Flashcards
Gambling: Petry, 2015
Pathological gamblers have decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatal activity (decision-making areas) than healthy controls
Gambling: Loraines et al, 2011
Pathological gambling comorbidities include substance abuse 57.5%, mood disorders 37.9%, anxiety disorders 37.4%, antisocial personality disorder 28.8%
Gambling: Lahti et al, 2010; Ward et al, 2018
Naltrexone decreases relapse in abstinent pathological gamblers
Drugs: King et al, 2008
Deaths per million users: 20k heroin, 170 cocaine, 70 amphetamine, 50 MDMA, 5 cannabis
Drugs: Gore et al, The Lancet, 2011
Alcohol is the biggest global cause of disability in 15-24 year olds
Drugs: Hickman et al, 2007
Cannabis use increased 20x in last 40 years
Drugs: Kohn et al, 2004
<10% of patients with alcohol dependence are treated, 92% don’t present
Drugs: Heather et al, 2010
Only 50% of alcoholics want to be abstinent
Drugs: NICE, 2011
One quarter of the UK consumed alcohol in a harmful way and 5% are dependent
Drugs: Obernier et al, 2002
Alcohol activates microglia, with activated microglia present for 14 days after last dose in alcohol-dependent rats
Drugs: He and Crews, 2008
Post-mortem, the brains of alcoholics have more microglia and inflammatory cytokines in their cingulate cortex, midbrain, VTA, and amygdala than non-alcoholics
Drugs: Weaver et al, 2003
75% of addicts have a co-morbid mental health condition - 26% major depression, 8% psychosis
PTSD: Kessler et al, 1995
Lifetime PTSD prevalence 8%
PTSD: Yehuda et al, 1991
PTSD associated with impaired HPA axis sensitivity and decreased hippocampal volume
ARFID: Bryant-Waugh et al, 2010
3 ARFID subtypes - restricted, phobic, sensory
ARFID: Katzman et al, 2014
63% of Canadian paediatricians surveyed in Canada unaware of ARFID as a diagnosis
Eating disorders: Smink et al, 2016
During adolescence, anorexia incidence 26.7 per 100k (50 in girls) and bulimia incidence 25.8 per 100k (50 in girls)
Eating disorders: Hunger et al, 2018
Being labelled as fat aged 14 increases unhealthy weight control behaviours and disordered eating over next 5 years, regardless of original BMI
Eating disorders: Patton et al, 1999
Dieting increases eating disorder risk 18x
CAMH: Kim-Cohen et al, 2003
75% of adults with a mental health diagnosis had a previous MH diagnosis under 18
CAMH: Hankin et al, 1998
Depression incidence pre-puberty equal in boys and girls, at puberty increases in both but more in girls, by 15 incidence 2x greater in girls
CAMH: Gore et al, The Lancet, 2011
45% of the worldwide disease and disability in young people can be attributed to depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcohol abuse
Conduct disorder: Meltzer et al, 2000
Conduct disorder prevalence 4% in 5-10y/o, 6% in 10-15y/o
Conduct disorder: Scott et al, 2001
Children with conduct disorder cost society 10x as much as children without it
Conduct disorder: Jusyte et al, 2019
Childhood conduct disorder associated with rule-breaking even in the absence of gain
Conduct disorder: Biederman, 2005
ADHD comorbid with conduct disorder in 30-50% of cases
ODD: Demmer et al, 2017
ODD M:F ratio 1.6:1
ADHD: Neumann, 2007
Smoking during pregnancy increases ADHD risk in offspring 9x only in presence of DAT1 transporter risk allele
ADHD: Demontis et al, 2018
GWAS implicated genetic loci include those for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine receptors D2,D3,D5, COMT, nicotinic receptors, and SNAP-25
ADHD: Jahad et al, 2000
Medication (methylphenidate, dexamphetamine, atomoxetine) efficacious for ADHD but efficacy decreases over time
CAMH: Carballo et al, 2010
Childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders have temporal stability - highest for phobic and social anxiety disorders
CAMH: Walkup et al, 2008
Combination CBT and SSRI most effecitive for child/adolescent anxiety (80% response), each individually 55% response, placebo <25%
PD: Brodsky et al, 1995
60% of those diagnosed with borderline PD experienced childhood physical or sexual abuse
PD: Lewis and Appleby, 1989
Patients with PD seen as more demanding, less deserving of care, attention-seeking, annoying, in control of their suicidal urges
PD: Bateman and Fonagy, 2009
Mentalisation based treatment - 18 months 2x week, focus on living in here and now - more effective than standard treatment for PD (reduced self-harm and suicide attempts, improved social functioning)
PD: Linehan et al, 2006
Dialetical behaviour therapy for PD - focusing on mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance
PD: McMain et al, 2009
DBT for PD produced a marked reduction in self-harm, with some evidence of reduction in emotional distress
PD: Newton-Howes, 2010
PD patients make up 40% of those in contact with secondary mental health services
PD: Frogley et al, 2013
Clozapine improves PD symptoms, especially aggression, but is associated with significant increase in weight
ID: Broman et al, 1987
14% of mildly intellectually disabled have concurrent major CNS disorder compared to 72% of severe
ID: Vicari et al, 2013
Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, responsible for 33% of cases
CAMH: Wolfe et al, 2014
Siblings of those with severe childhood mental illness receive less education and are more likely to be unemployed than those without a severely mentally ill sibling
Scizophrenia: Liddle, 1990
3 syndromes of schizophrenia: psychomotor poverty, disorganisation syndrome, reality distortion
Schizophrenia: Saha et al, 2007
Risk of death in schizophrenics 2.5x that of general population
Schizophrenia: Correll et al, 2017
Link between schizophrenia and cardiovascular disease: HPA dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, peripheral immune activation, neuroinflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, genetic links, epigenetic interactions
Schizophrenia: Jablensky & Cole, 1997
Gender difference in age of onset (younger in males, biphasic in females)
Schizophrenia: Sakar et al, 2016
Schizophrenia associated with genetic variation in MHC class II and complement C4
Schizophrenia: Carlborg, 2010
Suicide 12x more common in schizophrenics than general population
Schizophrenia: Leucht et al, 2012
Antipsychotic drugs increase response in acute psychosis from 24% (placebo) to 41%, for maintenance reduce relapse rates from 57% to 22%
Schizophrenia: Siskind et al, 2016
Clozapine is superior to other antipsychotics in reducing positive symptoms in the short and long-term; superior for negative symptoms only in short-term
Schizophrenia: Dahoun et al, 2017
In animal models, DISC1 causes increased locomotion and nucleus accumbens dopamine release after amphetamine administration, and inconsistent basal dopamine levels, dopamine receptor levels, and binding potential
Schizophrenia/PWS: Aman et al, 2018
Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome have an increased risk of psychosis if their PWS is due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy, rather than 15q11-13 deletions of paternal origin
Schizophrenia/PWS: Boer et al, The Lancet, 2002
62% of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy have symptoms of psychosis
Schizophrenia: Purcell et al, 2014
No evidence from next generation sequencing of increased frequency of de novo mutations in schizophrenia, but mutations more common in synaptic pathways (ARC, MNDAr, FMRP)
Schizophrenia: Barnes et al, 2011
Zinc transporter gene ZnT3 implicated in schizophrenia (4 SNPs) with a dominant model for disease penetrance
