Ree Radicals Flashcards
What are free radicals?
Unstable molecules with an unpaired electron.
How are free radicals formed?
Through normal cellular energy generation by O2 and electron transfer
exposure to UV radiation by ionization of H2O
pollution, and smoking.
Killing of pathogens by phagocytes as they are preformed in membrane complex
By product of intracellular oxidase reactions
Chemical metabolism of cellular enzyme
What are the effects of free radicals on the body?
They can damage cell membrane by peroxidation
Damage proteins by amino acid cross linking breakdown
Damage DNA, leading to diseases like cancer and aging.
How can antioxidants protect against free radicals?
By neutralizing them and preventing oxidative stress.
True or False: Free radicals are always harmful to the body.
False
What is oxidative stress?
An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body.
What are some sources of antioxidants?
Vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium.
Fill in the blank: Free radicals have an unpaired ________.
electron
What role do free radicals play in inflammation?
They can worsen inflammation by damaging tissues.
How can a diet rich in fruits and vegetables help protect against free radicals?
They contain antioxidants that can neutralize free radicals.
What is the role of the enzyme superoxide dismutase in protecting against free radicals?
It converts superoxide radicals into less harmful molecules.
True or False: Free radicals are always produced by external sources like pollution.
False
What is the most common type of free radical in the body?
Superoxide radical
How do free radicals contribute to the aging process?
By damaging DNA and proteins, leading to cellular dysfunction.
What are some lifestyle factors that can increase free radical formation?
Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet.
What is the role of glutathione in protecting against free radicals?
It acts as a powerful antioxidant and helps recycle other antioxidants.
How do free radicals contribute to the development of cancer?
By causing DNA mutations that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
What is the main function of antioxidants in the body?
To neutralize free radicals and prevent cellular damage.
True or False: Free radicals are always beneficial for the body.
False
What are some examples of environmental factors that can increase free radical formation?
UV radiation, air pollution, and heavy metals.
How does exercise affect free radical formation?
It can increase free radical production but also enhance antioxidant defenses.
What is the role of vitamin C in protecting against free radicals?
It is a powerful antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals.
What is lipid peroxidation and how does it relate to free radicals?
It is the oxidative degradation of lipids, often caused by free radicals.
How can stress contribute to free radical formation?
By increasing the body’s production of stress hormones that can lead to oxidative damage.
What is the role of polyphenols in protecting against free radicals?
They are antioxidants found in plants that can help neutralize free radicals.
Protection from ROS
Natural decay of O2 and H2O2
Antioxidants
Binding of copper and iron to transport proteins
Scavenging enzymes that break down H2O2 and O2
