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Chemistry > Redox Reactions + Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Redox Reactions + Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

What is gain of electrons

A

Reduction

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3
Q

What is oxidation number

A

It is the number of electrons it has lost or gained in becoming bonded to other elements.

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4
Q

What does sec and tert represent

A

That the hydrogen removed was secondary or tertiary

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5
Q

What does iso and neo represent

A

That there are one or two methyl groups attached to the second last carbon

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6
Q

What is chain isomerism

A

Straight or branched

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7
Q

What is functional isomerism

A

When the position of functional group changes the functional group

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8
Q

What is positional isomerism

A

Position of functional group changes

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9
Q

What is metamerism

A

When two compounds differ in position of alkyl group

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10
Q

What are the types of geometrical isomerism

A

cis - same line
trans - opposite lines

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11
Q

What is polarised light

A

Light that only moves in one plane

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12
Q

What is the types of optical activity

A

dextro = to the right, +
laveo = to the left, -

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13
Q

What are enantiomers

A

Optical isomers which are non-super-imposable mirror images of each other.

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14
Q

What is the condition for optical activity

A

Dissymmetry or chirality

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15
Q

What is a racemic mixture

A

An optically inactive mixture consisting of equal parts of enantiomers

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16
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomerism

A

Conformational and Configurational

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17
Q

What does configuration mean

A

It is the arrangement of atoms in space which characterizes a particular stereoisomer

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18
Q

What does retention mean

A

It means that the spatial arrangement of the atoms arranged to the chiral carbon has not changed

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19
Q

What does inversion mean

A

It means the arrangement of the atoms of the chiral carbon has changed during the reaction

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20
Q

What are diastereomers

A

They are stereoisomers of substances other than enantiomers that do not have mirror image relationships

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21
Q

What are meso compounds

A

They are compounds which are superimposable even though they have a chiral carbon

22
Q

What smell indicates nitrogen

A

burning feathers

23
Q

What is soda lime

A

NaOH + CaO

24
Q

Why is CaO used in soda lime

A

because NaOH is deliquescent and attacks the glass

25
Q

How to detect sulphur in an organic compound

A

Add lead acetate and acetic acid to sodium extract

26
Q

Why is acetic acid used instead of sulphurc acid in detection of sulphur

A

Because sulphuric acid will cause the precipitation of lead sulphate. Acetic acid also increases the precipitation of lead acetate due common ion effect

27
Q

Reaction for detection of sulphur with PbS precipitate

A

Na2S + (CH3COO)2Pb –> PbS + C2H3NaO2

28
Q

Detection of sulphur with purple ppt

A

Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] –> Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]

29
Q

What is the formula for sodium nitroprusside

A

Na2[Fe(CN)5NO], Sodium pentacynide nitrosyl ferrate(III)

30
Q

What is the purple ppt formed in detection of sulphur

A

Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS], sodium pentacynidenitrosyl sulphide ferrate (III)

31
Q

Describe the oxidation process for detection of sulphur

A
  1. Fusion of organic compound + sodium nitrate + sodium carbonate. The sulphur is oxidised to sodium sulphate
  2. the fused mass is extracted with water and acidified with HCl
  3. BaCl2 is added to form BaSO4 which is insoluble in HCl
32
Q

What are the reactions in detection of sulphur of volatile compounds

A

3NaNO2 –> 3NaNO2 + 3(O)
Na2CO3 + 3(O) + S –> Na2SO4 + CO2
NaSO4 + BaCl2 –> BaSO4 + NaCl

33
Q

Describe the process to form the extract to detect halogens

A

Add HNO3 to SE extract to eliminate CN and S
NaCN + HNO3 –> NaNO3 + HCN(g)
Na2S + HNO3 –> NaNO3 + H2S (G)
Add AgNO3

34
Q

What indicates chlorine

A

White ppt soluble in excess of NH4OH
AgNO3 + NaCl –> NaNO3 + AgCl
AgCl + NH4OH –> H2O + Ag(NH3)2Cl

35
Q

What indicates bromine

A

Pale yellow ppt sparingly soluble in excess NH4OH

36
Q

What indicates iodine

A

yellow ppt insoluble in excess NH4OH

37
Q

Estimation of carbon and hydrogen method

A

Leibig method

38
Q

Formula to calculate mass of carbon

A

% = (12*increase of weight in KOH * 100)/(44 * mass of organic compound)

39
Q

Formula to calculate mass of hydrogen

A

(2increase in weight of U tube100)/(18*mass of organic compound)

40
Q

Estimation of halogens and sulphur method

A

Carius method

41
Q

Method to calculate weight of halogen

A

organic compound is heated with fuming nitric acid and silver nitrate to form silver halide

42
Q

Formula for weight of halogen

A

At wt of X * weight of silver halide formed * 100 / mol wt of AgX *weight of organic cimpound

43
Q

Describe carius method for sulphur

A

Add fuming nitric acid to organic compound and then add excess barium chloride

44
Q

Reaction for carius method for sulphur

A

S + HNO3 –> H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
H2SO4 + BaCl –> BaSO4 + HCl

45
Q

Formula for detection of sulphur

A

32 * weight of BaSO4 * 100 / 233 *weight of organic compound

46
Q

When does I- effect occur

A

When the group is more electronegative

47
Q

When does I+ effect occur

A

When the group is more electropositive

48
Q

What is the order of I+ effect

A

tertiary> secondary> primary > hydrogen

49
Q

Define inductive effect

A

It is the permanent displacement of the shared pair of electrons in a carbon chain towards the more electronegative group

50
Q

What is electromeric effect

A

the complete displacement of a shared pair of electrons of multiple bonds to one of the bonded atoms under the influence of an attacking reagent

51
Q

What is hyperconjugation

A

It is the interaction between the p orbital and the adjacent carbon hydrogen single-bond

52
Q

What is resonance

A

the delocalization of pi bond electrons in a conjugated system

Chemistry (7 decks)

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