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FM1020 Physiology > Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Red Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the highest blood pressure found?

A

Heart

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport
Regulation of pH and osmosis
Maintenance of body temperature
Defence against foreign substances
Regulation of haemostasis and coagulation

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3
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Haematocrit - Fractional contribution of erythrocytes

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4
Q

What cells form the “buffy coat” of a blood sample?

A

WBC and platelets

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5
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

90%

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6
Q

What are the three main proteins found in plasma?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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7
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma from which fibrinogen and other clotting proteins have been removed

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8
Q

Where do all blood cells originate from?

A

Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)

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9
Q

What is the name of the process by which PHSCs transform into RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

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10
Q

What is the process by which PHSCs transform into WBCs?

A

Leucopoiesis

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11
Q

What is the name of the process by which PHSCs transform into platelets?

A

thrombopoiesis

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12
Q

What do most PHSCs differentiate into before becoming a specific cell type?

A

Committed stem cells or progenitor cells

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13
Q

What protein-signalling molecules drive cellular production?

A

Cytokines

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14
Q

How many erythrocytes are in the body per litre?

A

5x10^12 cells per L

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15
Q

What is the major function of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

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16
Q

Why are erythrocytes flexible?

A

It allows them to pass through the smallest capillaries in the body

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17
Q

What protein is present in erythrocytes?

A

Haemoglobin

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18
Q

What is the first major cell on the path of erythropoiesis?

A

Proerythroblast

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19
Q

When does the final stage of a reticulocyte becoming an erythrocyte occur?

A

As it is released from bone marrow into the circulatory system

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20
Q

What enzymes are needed for the high rates of DNA synthesis of RBCs?

A

Folic acid and Vitamin B12

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21
Q

What do RBCs lack?

A

Nuclei
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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22
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low O2 levels in tissue

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23
Q

What cells secrete erythropoietin to promote RBC production?

A

Hypoxic kidney cells

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24
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Increased production of proerythroblasts
Increased haemoglobin synthesis
Increases production and reticulocytes

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25
Q

How can hypoxia occur?

A

Low blood volume
Anaemia
Low Haemoglobin
Poor blood flow
Pulmonary disease
High Altitude

26
Q

What mass of haemoglobin is found per litre of blood?

A

12-17g

27
Q

What is the maximum ml of oxygen that 1g of haemoglobin can bind to?

A

1.34ml

28
Q

What does oxygen bind to on the haemoglobin molecule?

A

Haeme group (iron)

29
Q

What is the average lifespan of RBCs?

A

120 days

30
Q

Why do erythrocytes only survive for this long?

A

Decreased glycolysis
Reduced ATP
Loss of membrane flexibility
Self-destruct in Red pulp of spleen

31
Q

What is the fate of haemoglobin following cell death?

A

Absorbed by macrophages
Iron recycled to bone marrow or liver
porphyrin ring converted to bile pigment bilirubin
Protein subunits degraded to amino acids

32
Q

What is Anaemia?

A

Deficiency in O2 carrying capacity of blood

33
Q

How is blood’s inability to carry oxygen caused?

A

A low haematocrit
Low haemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes

34
Q

What is the result of anaemia?

A

hypoxia

35
Q

What are common symptoms of anaemia?

A

Feelings of tiredness
Lack of energy
Pale skin/pallor

36
Q

What is the most common form of anaemia?

A

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

37
Q

What are the underlying causes of Iron Deficiency Anaemia?

A

Blood loss
Increased demands
Malabsorption
Poor diet (contributing factor)

38
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Abnormal increase in RBC count

39
Q

What is Polycythaemia Vera?

A

Genetic aberration resulting in excessive proliferation of erythroblasts

40
Q

What is secondary Polycythaemia?

A

Increased RBC count caused by tissue hypoxia

41
Q

What do all RBCs express?

A

H antigen

42
Q

What is the biological family to which the H antigen belongs?

A

Glycoprotein/Glycolipid

43
Q

What is produced by humans that modify the H antigen?

A

A antigen, B antigen, O antigen

44
Q

What does the A antigen do?

A

Add an alpha-n-acetylgalactosamine to the D-galactose end of the H antigen

45
Q

What does the B antigen do?

A

Add a D-galactose to the D-galactose end of the H antigen

46
Q

What does the O antigen do?

A

No change to the A antigen

47
Q

What other functions do antigens have?

A

Suppressing the anti anti-bodies of the same blood type

48
Q

Order the overarching blood types in regard to their frequency

A

O
A
B
AB

49
Q

What happens in a blood transfusion of mismatched blood?

A

Antibodies attach to cells causing clumping or agglutination
Small blood vessels are plugged
White blood cells destroy membrane of agglutinated cells releasing haemoglobin into the plasma

50
Q

What are Rh antigens?

A

Transmembrane proteins

51
Q

What are the 6 common types of Rh antigens?

A

C
D
E
c
d
e

52
Q

What is the most prevalent and most antigenic Rh antigen?

A

D

53
Q

What antigens make up Rh negative blood?

A

dd

54
Q

What happens if a Rh+ donor gives blood to a Rh- recipient?

A

Recipient’s blood develops anti-D antibodies
Subsequent infusions trigger agglutination

55
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Mother is Rh-, Father is Rh-, Foetus is Rh+
Causes anti-Rh antibody formation in response to foetus’ Rh+ factor
Causes red blood cell agglutination or haemolysis

56
Q

What foetus is most vulnerable to erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

2nd and subsequent foetuses

57
Q

How does the infant appear at birth following erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Jaundiced and usually anaemic

58
Q

How is erythroblastosis fetalis treated?

A

Anti-D antibody administered during pregnancy which inhibits maternal production of anti-Rh agglutinins

59
Q

What blood type is the universal donor blood?

A

Type O-

60
Q

Why is the universal blood type called such?

A

Donated RBCs do not express A, B or + antigens containing antibodies

61
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB+

62
Q

Why is the universal recipient known as such?

A

Contains all antibodies which allow it to accept all variants of blood

FM1020 Physiology (12 decks)

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