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FM1020 Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood per minute by each ventricle

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2
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume multiplied by heartbeat

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3
Q

How are heart rate and stroke volume regulated?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Are autonomic nerves voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary, subconscious

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5
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system effect the blood vessels?

A

Tone of vascular smooth muscle

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6
Q

What does a reflex limb contain?

A

Afferent limb
A central component located in the spinal cord, brain stem, hypothalamus
Effector pathway

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7
Q

Where does sensory input come from in the case of the ANS?

A

Visceral organs

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Where is the cardiac control centre in the brain?

A

The pons

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10
Q

What are the names given to the two efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron

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11
Q

Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neurons?

A

CNS

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12
Q

Where is the cell body of the postganglionic neurons?

A

Autonomic ganglion

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13
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate?

A

T1 to L2 segments of the spinal cord

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14
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division synapse?

A

Paravertebral ganglia
Prevertebral/collateral ganglia
Within adrenal medulla

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15
Q

Where do the paravertebral ganglia lie?

A

Either side of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Where do the prevertebral ganglia generally lie?

A

Abdominal cavity

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17
Q

What do the paravertebral ganglia form?

A

Sympathetic chain of ganglia

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18
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate?

A

Brain and sacral level of the spinal column

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19
Q

Where are the terminal ganglia located?

A

Close to or within target organs

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20
Q

Which nerve originates from the sacral region of the spinal column?

A

Splanchnic nerve

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21
Q

What feature do postganglionic nerve fibres have?

A

Varicosities

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22
Q

What is synthesised and released from varicosities?

A

Neurtransmittors

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23
Q

What name is given to the sites of varicosities?

A

Neuroeffector junctions

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24
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic system releases?

A

Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine

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25
Q

What response is evoked from norepinephrine being received by organs?

A

Adrenergic response (after the receptors)

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26
Q

What are noradrenaline and adrenaline?

A

Catecholamines

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27
Q

What neurotransmitter may certain sympathetic nerves release?

A

Acetylcholine

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28
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

Acetylcholine

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29
Q

What is the name of the response when ACh binds to the organ?

A

Cholinergic response

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30
Q

Are receptor proteins specific or non-specific for neurotransmitters?

A

Specific

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31
Q

What does the activation of the receptors initiate?

A

Intracellular signalling cascade

32
Q

What are the two main signalling cascades in the ANS?

A

Adenylyl cyclase - cAMP pathway
Phosphoinositide pathway

33
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Activator of a receptor

34
Q

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase do?

A

Convert ATP to cAMP

35
Q

What can cAMP do?

A

Activate a kinase

36
Q

What does the kinase do?

A

Phosphorylate cells initiating a cell response

37
Q

What is the function of phospholipase C?

A

Acts on lipids on surrounding lipid bilayer breaking it down into inositol trisphosphate and diacylglyerol

38
Q

What is the function of inositol trisphosphate?

A

Opens calcium channels in intracellular calcium stores affecting the response in the cell

39
Q

What is the function of diacylglycerol?

A

Activates kinases

40
Q

What receptors do noradrenaline bind to?

A

Adrenergic recptors

41
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of adrenergic repsonses?

A

Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3

42
Q

What do alpha adrenoceptors do?

A

Activate the phosphoinositide pathway and inhibit the cAMP cascade

43
Q

What do beta adrenoceptors do?

A

Activate the cAMP cascade

44
Q

What does acetylcholine bind to?

A

Cholinergic receptors - nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

45
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located in the ANS?

A

Synapses between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

46
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors present in the ANS?

A

Binding site from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

47
Q

What are the five subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1-M5

48
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Inhibit muscarinic receptors

49
Q

What does the sympathetic effect do to the heart rate?

A

Increases it

50
Q

What does the sympathetic effect do to the conduction of the heart?

A

Increased rate

51
Q

What does the sympathetic effect do to the strength of the heart?

A

Increase it

52
Q

What does the sympathetic effect do to the blood vessels?

A

Mostly constriction; affects all organs

53
Q

What does the sympathetic effect do to the bronchioles?

A

Dilation

54
Q

What does the sympathetic effect do to the mucous glands?

A

Inhibition of secretion

55
Q

What does the parasympathetic effect do to the heart rate?

A

Decrease it

56
Q

What does the parasympathetic effect do to the heart’s conduction?

A

Decreased rate

57
Q

What does the parasympathetic effect do to the strength of the heart?

A

N/A

58
Q

What does the parasympathetic effect do to the blood vessels?

A

Dilation in a few organs

59
Q

What does the parasympathetic effect do to the bronchioles

A

Constriciton

60
Q

What does the parasympathetic effect do to the mucous glands?

A

Stimulation of secretion

61
Q

What name is given to the innermost area of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal medulla

62
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

Ganglion of sympathetic nervous system

63
Q

What name is given to the postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

64
Q

Why is this name given to the postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

They stain brown with chromic acid

65
Q

What will chromaffin cells do in response to activation by preganglionic cells?

A

increases synthesis and release of catecholamines

66
Q

What is the only difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Methyl group in adrenaline

67
Q

What percentage released into circulation is adrenaline?

A

80%

68
Q

What do noradrenaline and adrenaline act as?

A

hormones

69
Q

What do noradrenaline and adrenaline act as?

A

hormones

70
Q

What may cause a response in the sympathetic pathway?

A

Hypovolemia
Trauma
Pain
Hypoglycaemia
Hypothermia
Anxiety

71
Q

What are the cardiovascular effects of adrenaline?

A

Increased heart rate
Increased cardiac output
Raised blood pressure
Vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels
Vasoconstriction of gastrointestinal, renal and splenic beds

72
Q

What receptors does adrenaline have a high affinity for?

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

73
Q

What do Beta 2 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Trigger smooth muscle relaxation

74
Q

What adrenergic receptors are found on GI, renal and splenic beds?

A

Alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors

75
Q

What do the alpha-adrenergic receptors do?

A

Trigger smooth muscle contraction

FM1020 Physiology (12 decks)

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