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Motor Control and Learning > Recovery of Function > Flashcards

Recovery of Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The ability to show modification especially in nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are the three mechanisms of neuroplasticity?

A
  • Collateral sprouting
  • Functional reorganization
  • Neuronal regeneration
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3
Q

What is the process of collateral sprouting?

A
  • New connections are formed via axonal sprouting and the brain continues to make new neurons
  • Pruning can occur which is when connections that are used frequently become stronger over time
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4
Q

What is functional reorganization?

A
  • Process by which one area of the brain can take over for function lost in another area
  • Occurs more often in children than adults
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5
Q

What is neuronal regeneration?

A

Process of synaptic plasticity that involves experience-dependent long-lasting changes in the strength of neuronal connections

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6
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

A type of synaptic plasticity where the threshold needed to stimulate the pre-synaptic neuron lowers which enhances the synapse

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7
Q

Under what two conditions does plasticity occur?

A
  • Typical development and learning
  • Recovery of function following neural pathology
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8
Q

True or False
Plasticity is a two-way street, so changes can be positive or negative

A

True
Activity leads to positive changes, inactivity leads to negative changes (use it or lose it)

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9
Q

What is recovery?

A
  • Restore function to tissue lost in injury
  • Restoring the ability to perform movement in the same manner as before the injury
  • Task accomplished in the same way, using the same structures
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10
Q

What is compensation?

A
  • Neural tissue acquires a function it did not have prior to injury
  • Perform an old movement in a new way
  • Task accomplished using alternate structures (AD)
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11
Q

List the factors that affect recovery of function?

A
  • Age
  • Extent/characteristics of lesion
  • Pre-injury factors
  • Post-injury factors
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12
Q

How does age impact recovery of function?

A
  • If injured area is already mature, the injury will likely cause damage
  • If injured area is not yet mature, then a second immature area can take over function
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13
Q

How do the characteristics of a lesion impact recovery of function?

A
  • Greater functional loss with a larger lesion compared to a smaller lesion
  • Slowly developing lesions cause less functional loss than a quickly developing lesion
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14
Q

How can pre-injury factors impact recovery of function?

A
  • Exercise can induce neuroplasticity, oxygenate the brain, decrease apoptosis, decrease edema, and decrease inhibition of neurite growth inhibiting molecules
  • Full, active, and varied environmental enrichment can allow for greater ability to reorganize
  • Diet/nutrition
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15
Q

How can post-injury factors impact recovery of function?

A
  • Neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can be involved in neural survival and plasticity
  • Some medications can enhance or replace neurotransmitters and restore blood circulation, others can negatively affect recovery
  • Exercise can help recovery
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16
Q

What is considered when it comes to task selection for interventions?

A
  • Specificity (task specific practice)
  • Patient preference (salience)
  • Resources
17
Q

What are the components of dosage parameters?

A
  • Frequency
  • Intensity
  • Duration
18
Q

What is considered when selecting practice conditions?

A
  • Feedback
  • Practice schedules
  • Motivation
  • Reinforcement
19
Q

What is the use it or lose it principle?

A

An individual must use a skill otherwise they may lose the ability or have decreased ability to perform the skill

20
Q

What is the use it and improve it principle?

A

An individual needs skilled training to improve function in a skill, improves synaptogenesis

21
Q

What is the principle of task specificity?

A

Intervention should be specific to the task for improvement

22
Q

What is the principle of repetition matters?

A

An individual needs to perform the skill repeatedly over time for increased improvement

23
Q

What is the principle of intensity matters?

A

Higher intensity skilled tasks improves synapses

24
Q

What is the principle of time matters?

A

Improvements are better if therapy is began the acute stages rather than waiting. Waiting can also increase the chances of compensatory strategies which can be difficult to unlearn

25
Q

What is the principle of salience matters?

A

Making the task relevant to something that is important to the individual increases their motivation

26
Q

What is the principle of age matters?

A

As you age, cortical mapping is reduced and response times are slower

27
Q

What is the principle of transference?

A

The ability to transfer skill from one task to another, previous experience aids in a new task

28
Q

What is the principle of interference?

A

Development of compensatory strategies can interfere with recovery

29
Q

What type of feedback should be used in early rehab?

A
  • Extrinsic feedback
  • Immediate feedback
  • Concurrent feedback
30
Q

What type of feedback should be used in later rehab?

A
  • Intrinsic feedback
  • Delayed feedback
  • Intermittent feedback
  • Bandwidth feedback
  • Self-controlled feedback
31
Q

What type of practice should be used in early rehab?

A
  • Distributed practice
  • Blocked practice
  • Guided practice
  • Part to whole practice
  • Constant practice
  • Closed environment
32
Q

What type of practice should be used in later rehab?

A
  • Massed practice
  • Random practice
  • Discovery (trial and error)
  • Whole practice
  • Variable practice
  • Open environment

Motor Control and Learning (9 decks)

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