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Motor Control and Learning > Important Terms, Theories, & Application Movement Systems > Flashcards

Important Terms, Theories, & Application Movement Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Agreement of external kinetics and kinematics of movement

A

Symmetry

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2
Q

Rate of change or velocity of segment or body displacement from start to finish of task

A

Speed

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3
Q

The extent or range of movement used to complete a task

A

Amplitude

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4
Q

Biomechanical relationship of body segments to one another as well as to the BOS and environment in order to achieve the task

A

Alignment

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5
Q

The ability to control the body’s center of mass in relation to the BOS under quasi-static and dynamic conditions

A

Stability

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6
Q

A movement in a continual fashion without any interruptions in velocity or trajectory

A

Smoothness

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7
Q

Specific order of motor output required to achieve the intended goal of the action

A

Sequencing

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8
Q

The overall temporal structure of the movement that includes the relative percentage of time devoted to moving segments, including initiation, execution, and termination

A

Timing

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9
Q

The closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value

A

Accuracy

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10
Q

Factors that impact movement

A

Sensory information
Environment
Body Structure & Function
Cognition
Task/Goal

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11
Q

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

A

Motor Control

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12
Q

To effectively treat our patients, we need to understand…

A

typical movement vs atypical movement

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13
Q

What three factors impact movement

A

Task
Environment
Individual

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14
Q

Movement requires cooperation of what three things from the individual…

A

Sensory-Perception System
Cognitive Processes
Motor System

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15
Q

Property of which theory?
Stimulus driven system that requires no cognitive thought

A

Reflex Theory

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16
Q

Property of which theory?
Movements created from a combination of reflexes that are chained together

A

Reflex Theory

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17
Q

Limitation to which theory?
Does not explain movements that occur in the absence of a stimulus such as voluntary movement or newly learned movements

A

Reflex Theory

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18
Q

Limitation to which theory?
Does not explain movements that occur too fast to allow for new sensory information or that a single stimulus can produce multiple responses

A

Reflex Theory

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19
Q

Property of which theory?
Overlaps with the reflex theory; however, states that reflexes decrease as we age because we use higher level functions of the brain once the CNS matures

A

Hierarchical Theory

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20
Q

Property of which theory?
If the CNS is damaged, we lose control of higher level functions, which results in the takeover of primitive reflexes that present as spasticity and movement dysfunctions

A

Hierarchical Theory

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21
Q

Provide an example of a lower level reflex and a higher level reflex

A

Lower Level: auditory startle, visual tracking, withdrawal to pain, eyes opening with stimulation only
Higher Level: movement to command, recognizing an object, functional object use, maintaining attention

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22
Q

What is the difference between a lower level reflex and a higher level reflex?

A

A higher level reflex requires cognitive function

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23
Q

Limitation to which theory?
Does not explain how reflexes dominant over higher level brain function in certain situations such as withdrawal from a painful stimulus

A

Hierarchical Theory

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24
Q

Which two theories are involved in these elements of PT?
- observation of reflex evolution in pediatrics
- gait training based on limb positioning
- PNF

A

Reflex Theory
Hierarchical Theory

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25
Q

Which theories does this statement align with?
Interventions are aimed at gaining or regaining higher level reflexes and movements in a stepwise approach

A

Reflex Theory
Hierarchical Theory

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26
Q

Property of which theory?
States that elements from both the PNS and CNS permit motor control meaning that a motor program can be activated by either sensory input or central processes

A

Motor Programming Theory

27
Q

Property of which theory?
Describes synergy as specific patterns that create typical movements, these movements are influenced by neural circuits called central pattern generators

A

Motor Programming Theory

28
Q

The Motor Programming Theory states that rhythmic input can create a chain of events that can permit activities such as…

A

walking, breathing, flying (in animals)

29
Q

Limitation to which theory?
Does not consider environmental or musculoskeletal variables and claims to be the sole determinant of action

A

Motor Programming Theory

30
Q

“Training to the task” as a therapeutic exercise is an example of the clinical application of which theory?

A

Motor Programming Theory

31
Q

Properties of which theory?
The PNS and CNS is part of a team that cooperates with external forces to achieve movement

A

Dynamic Systems Theory

32
Q

The dynamic systems theory considers the flexibility of movement meaning there are multiple ways to perform a movement, what is the term for this concept?

A

Motor Equivalence

33
Q

Property of which theory?
Allows for variability in order to alter and optimize movement

A

Dynamic Systems Theory

34
Q

True or False
Low variability in movement leads to highly stable movement patterns that are more difficult to change or relearn

A

True
Example: A softball pitcher may not learn how to pitch a baseball as easily as someone who has never pitched before. The movement pattern is ingrained in the softball pitcher because they always pitch with the same form (low variability), so it will be harder to change. The beginner has no movement pattern to change, only new patterns to create

35
Q

As we mature, we learn to control the degrees of freedom of our body in order to coordinate movement, what does “degrees of freedom” refer to?`

A

All of the independent variables of movement within a joint

36
Q

Define synergy

A

Activating certain muscles to work together to achieve and control movement

37
Q

Property of which theory?
Accounts for the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system, forces of gravity and the environment, and the developmental status of the nervous system

A

Dynamic Systems Theory

38
Q

In the Dynamic Systems Theory, what may occur to cause atypical movement to be observed?

A

A lesion in one system will cause all other systems to compensate for the damage to continually achieve movement; however, this movement will be atypical

39
Q

Limitation to which theory?
While it accounts for all other systems, it implies that the nervous system may not play a big role in movement

A

Dynamic Systems Theory

40
Q

True or False
We should encourage variability of movement in our patients

A

True
Variability is good! Encouraging patients to pursue different movement patterns to achieve the same goal will give them more options, especially if one system becomes damaged in the future.

41
Q

Property of which theory?
Information detected from the environment is relevant to our actions and motor control evolved to help us interact with our surroundings (find food, find shelter, play, avoid danger)

A

Ecological Theory

42
Q

Property of which theory?
Perception focuses on detecting sensory information from the environment to achieve a motor goal

A

Ecological Theory

43
Q

Limitation to which theory?
Focuses on how we produce movement through interactions rather than the nervous system

A

Ecological Theory

44
Q

Manipulating the environment in the clinic such as raising or lowering a step or chair is an application of which theory?

A

Ecological Theory

45
Q

True or False
Movement is achieved through the cooperative effort of many brain structures which are organized both hierarchically and parallel and other elements

A

True
Movement achieved through combination of environment, task, individual, perception, cognition, and action

46
Q

What are the 4 key steps in movement analysis?

A
  1. Determine if task is being performed optimally
  2. Observe problems in the performance of the task
  3. Hypothesize what impairments may contribute
  4. Determine appropriate tests and measures
47
Q

What are the two things we must determine in movement analysis?

A

Level of assistance required
Quality of movement

48
Q

Level of assistance: Independent

A

Safe with no one present, verbal cues not needed

49
Q

Level of assistance: Modified Independent

A

Independent but requires an assistive device or extra time

50
Q

Level of assistance: Distant Supervision

A

Line of sight supervision, may require verbal cues

51
Q

Level of assistance: Close Supervision

A

Within arms reach, requires verbal cues

52
Q

Level of assistance: Contact Guard

A

Hand on patient to guide, not assisting
*not used for bed mobility

53
Q

Level of assistance: Minimum Assist

A

75% of task completed by patient, 25% of task completed by PT

54
Q

Level of assistance: Moderate Assist

A

75%-50% of the task is completed by patient, 25%-50% completed by PT

55
Q

Level of assistance: Maximum Assist

A

49%-25% of the task is completed by the patient, 51%-75% completed by PT

56
Q

Level of assistance: Total Assist

A

Less than 25% of task completed by patient, 75% completed by PT

57
Q

Using observable motor control constructs to describe what you are seeing is called assessment of what?

A

Quality of Movement

58
Q

What are 6 core tasks recommended for movement analysis?

A
  1. Sit
  2. Stand
  3. Sit to Stand
  4. Step
  5. Walk
  6. Reach/Grasp/Manipulate
59
Q

Identify the parts of a dynamic task

A

Initial Conditions
Preparation
Initiation
Execution
Termination

60
Q

When should you progress a task, and when should you regress a task for a patient?

A

Progress: when task was achieved with optimal performance at least twice
Regress: when task was not achieved at all or performance was poor

61
Q

Discrete VS Continuous

A

Having a beginning to end VS end point of the task must be determined by the performer

62
Q

Closed VS Open

A

Relatively fixed/predictable environment VS constantly changing environment

63
Q

Stability tasks VS Mobility tasks

A

Static base of support VS moving base of support

64
Q

Non-manipulation VS Manipulation

A

Not using UEs during movement VS movement of UEs during movement

Motor Control and Learning (9 decks)

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