Important Terms, Theories, & Application Movement Systems Flashcards
Agreement of external kinetics and kinematics of movement
Symmetry
Rate of change or velocity of segment or body displacement from start to finish of task
Speed
The extent or range of movement used to complete a task
Amplitude
Biomechanical relationship of body segments to one another as well as to the BOS and environment in order to achieve the task
Alignment
The ability to control the body’s center of mass in relation to the BOS under quasi-static and dynamic conditions
Stability
A movement in a continual fashion without any interruptions in velocity or trajectory
Smoothness
Specific order of motor output required to achieve the intended goal of the action
Sequencing
The overall temporal structure of the movement that includes the relative percentage of time devoted to moving segments, including initiation, execution, and termination
Timing
The closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value
Accuracy
Factors that impact movement
Sensory information
Environment
Body Structure & Function
Cognition
Task/Goal
The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
Motor Control
To effectively treat our patients, we need to understand…
typical movement vs atypical movement
What three factors impact movement
Task
Environment
Individual
Movement requires cooperation of what three things from the individual…
Sensory-Perception System
Cognitive Processes
Motor System
Property of which theory?
Stimulus driven system that requires no cognitive thought
Reflex Theory
Property of which theory?
Movements created from a combination of reflexes that are chained together
Reflex Theory
Limitation to which theory?
Does not explain movements that occur in the absence of a stimulus such as voluntary movement or newly learned movements
Reflex Theory
Limitation to which theory?
Does not explain movements that occur too fast to allow for new sensory information or that a single stimulus can produce multiple responses
Reflex Theory
Property of which theory?
Overlaps with the reflex theory; however, states that reflexes decrease as we age because we use higher level functions of the brain once the CNS matures
Hierarchical Theory
Property of which theory?
If the CNS is damaged, we lose control of higher level functions, which results in the takeover of primitive reflexes that present as spasticity and movement dysfunctions
Hierarchical Theory
Provide an example of a lower level reflex and a higher level reflex
Lower Level: auditory startle, visual tracking, withdrawal to pain, eyes opening with stimulation only
Higher Level: movement to command, recognizing an object, functional object use, maintaining attention
What is the difference between a lower level reflex and a higher level reflex?
A higher level reflex requires cognitive function
Limitation to which theory?
Does not explain how reflexes dominant over higher level brain function in certain situations such as withdrawal from a painful stimulus
Hierarchical Theory
Which two theories are involved in these elements of PT?
- observation of reflex evolution in pediatrics
- gait training based on limb positioning
- PNF
Reflex Theory
Hierarchical Theory
Which theories does this statement align with?
Interventions are aimed at gaining or regaining higher level reflexes and movements in a stepwise approach
Reflex Theory
Hierarchical Theory
Property of which theory?
States that elements from both the PNS and CNS permit motor control meaning that a motor program can be activated by either sensory input or central processes
Motor Programming Theory
Property of which theory?
Describes synergy as specific patterns that create typical movements, these movements are influenced by neural circuits called central pattern generators
Motor Programming Theory
The Motor Programming Theory states that rhythmic input can create a chain of events that can permit activities such as…
walking, breathing, flying (in animals)
Limitation to which theory?
Does not consider environmental or musculoskeletal variables and claims to be the sole determinant of action
Motor Programming Theory
“Training to the task” as a therapeutic exercise is an example of the clinical application of which theory?
Motor Programming Theory
Properties of which theory?
The PNS and CNS is part of a team that cooperates with external forces to achieve movement
Dynamic Systems Theory
The dynamic systems theory considers the flexibility of movement meaning there are multiple ways to perform a movement, what is the term for this concept?
Motor Equivalence
Property of which theory?
Allows for variability in order to alter and optimize movement
Dynamic Systems Theory
True or False
Low variability in movement leads to highly stable movement patterns that are more difficult to change or relearn
True
Example: A softball pitcher may not learn how to pitch a baseball as easily as someone who has never pitched before. The movement pattern is ingrained in the softball pitcher because they always pitch with the same form (low variability), so it will be harder to change. The beginner has no movement pattern to change, only new patterns to create
As we mature, we learn to control the degrees of freedom of our body in order to coordinate movement, what does “degrees of freedom” refer to?`
All of the independent variables of movement within a joint
Define synergy
Activating certain muscles to work together to achieve and control movement
Property of which theory?
Accounts for the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system, forces of gravity and the environment, and the developmental status of the nervous system
Dynamic Systems Theory
In the Dynamic Systems Theory, what may occur to cause atypical movement to be observed?
A lesion in one system will cause all other systems to compensate for the damage to continually achieve movement; however, this movement will be atypical
Limitation to which theory?
While it accounts for all other systems, it implies that the nervous system may not play a big role in movement
Dynamic Systems Theory
True or False
We should encourage variability of movement in our patients
True
Variability is good! Encouraging patients to pursue different movement patterns to achieve the same goal will give them more options, especially if one system becomes damaged in the future.
Property of which theory?
Information detected from the environment is relevant to our actions and motor control evolved to help us interact with our surroundings (find food, find shelter, play, avoid danger)
Ecological Theory
Property of which theory?
Perception focuses on detecting sensory information from the environment to achieve a motor goal
Ecological Theory
Limitation to which theory?
Focuses on how we produce movement through interactions rather than the nervous system
Ecological Theory
Manipulating the environment in the clinic such as raising or lowering a step or chair is an application of which theory?
Ecological Theory
True or False
Movement is achieved through the cooperative effort of many brain structures which are organized both hierarchically and parallel and other elements
True
Movement achieved through combination of environment, task, individual, perception, cognition, and action
What are the 4 key steps in movement analysis?
- Determine if task is being performed optimally
- Observe problems in the performance of the task
- Hypothesize what impairments may contribute
- Determine appropriate tests and measures
What are the two things we must determine in movement analysis?
Level of assistance required
Quality of movement
Level of assistance: Independent
Safe with no one present, verbal cues not needed
Level of assistance: Modified Independent
Independent but requires an assistive device or extra time
Level of assistance: Distant Supervision
Line of sight supervision, may require verbal cues
Level of assistance: Close Supervision
Within arms reach, requires verbal cues
Level of assistance: Contact Guard
Hand on patient to guide, not assisting
*not used for bed mobility
Level of assistance: Minimum Assist
75% of task completed by patient, 25% of task completed by PT
Level of assistance: Moderate Assist
75%-50% of the task is completed by patient, 25%-50% completed by PT
Level of assistance: Maximum Assist
49%-25% of the task is completed by the patient, 51%-75% completed by PT
Level of assistance: Total Assist
Less than 25% of task completed by patient, 75% completed by PT
Using observable motor control constructs to describe what you are seeing is called assessment of what?
Quality of Movement
What are 6 core tasks recommended for movement analysis?
- Sit
- Stand
- Sit to Stand
- Step
- Walk
- Reach/Grasp/Manipulate
Identify the parts of a dynamic task
Initial Conditions
Preparation
Initiation
Execution
Termination
When should you progress a task, and when should you regress a task for a patient?
Progress: when task was achieved with optimal performance at least twice
Regress: when task was not achieved at all or performance was poor
Discrete VS Continuous
Having a beginning to end VS end point of the task must be determined by the performer
Closed VS Open
Relatively fixed/predictable environment VS constantly changing environment
Stability tasks VS Mobility tasks
Static base of support VS moving base of support
Non-manipulation VS Manipulation
Not using UEs during movement VS movement of UEs during movement
