Reconstructing and using phylogenies

Question 1

When ancestral population splits and no longer interbreeds

Answer 1

node

Question 2

common ancestor forms

Answer 2

root of the tree

Question 3

taxon

Answer 3

any group with a name

Question 4

clade

Answer 4

any taxon that consists of all evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor

Question 5

sister species

Answer 5

two species that are each others closest relative

Question 6

homologous

Answer 6

traits that are inherited by sharing a common ancestor

Question 7

synapomorphy

Answer 7

derived traits that are shared in a group of organisms

Question 8

convergent evolution

Answer 8

traits that evolved independently in different lineages

Question 9

analogous structures

Answer 9

functionally similar traits/structures that have independent evolutionary origin

Question 10

evolutionary reversal

Answer 10

a trait that moves from its derived state back to ancestral state

Question 11

Homoplasy

Answer 11

similar traits that are generated by convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals

Question 12

Ingroup

Answer 12

organisms of primary interest

Question 13

Outgroup

Answer 13

species closely related to the ingroup but outside ingroup

Question 14

Parsimony principle

Answer 14

Simplest/easiest explanation is best

Question 15

Occam’s Razor

Answer 15

best explanation is the one that fits data while making the fewest assumptions

Question 16

Morphology

Answer 16

presence, size, shape, and other attributes of body parts used to construct phylogeny

Question 17

Development may reveal _______

Answer 17

evolutionary relationship

Question 18

Paleontology

Answer 18

fossil record as evidence for evolutionary history

Question 19

Behavior

Answer 19

Some behavior culturally transmitted others genetically determined

Question 20

Zoonotic diseases

Answer 20

spread from animals to humans

Question 21

HIV 1 origin

Answer 21

Chimpanzees

Question 22

HIV 2 origin

Answer 22

Mangabeys

Question 23

Angiosperms

Answer 23

flowering plants

Question 24

Self incompatible and compatible flowers

Answer 24

incompatible have long flowers to be fertilized by long tongue flies

Question 25

self compatibility arose with the evolution of _______

Answer 25

reduced petal size

Question 26

molecular clocks help _____

Answer 26

date evolutionary events

Question 27

molecular clock theory

Answer 27

molecular changes are constant enough that they can be used to predict divergence times

Question 28

molecular clocks must be calibrated using ______

Answer 28

independent data

Question 29

binomial nomenclature

Answer 29

a system of naming the world used to refer to the same organism by the same name

Question 30

Genus

Answer 30

a group of closely related species