CH. 18 pt. 2

Question 1

Species

Answer 1

Group of organisms that share attributes and are reproductively isolated from other groups

Question 2

Developed binomial nomenclature for species

Answer 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 3

Morphological species concept

Answer 3

assumes species look alike

Question 4

Reproductive isolation

Answer 4

Individuals no longer exchange genes

Question 5

Lineage species concept

Answer 5

think of species like branches on a tree where one species splits into two descendant species

Question 6

Biological species concept

Answer 6

does not include organisms that reproduce asexually
defines species based on their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 7

Lineage

Answer 7

an ancestor
a descendant series of populations over time

Question 8

The Dobzhansky-Muller model

Answer 8

assume you have one population divided into two due to geographical barrier
then two populations evolve into to different lineages
new alleles arise (A and B)
no direct loss of reproduction capability but genes have never occurred together
can still interbreed but may be functionally inferior
genetic incompatibility will develop over time

Question 9

allopatric speciation

Answer 9

physical barriers give rise to
speciate separate from one another
“allo” -> other

Question 10

sympatric speciation

Answer 10

occurs without physical barriers
“sym” -> together

Question 11

Disruptive selection

Answer 11

favors individuals that vary in both directions
think hawthorn vs apple trees

Question 12

Stabilizing selection

Answer 12

favors average individuals

Question 13

Directional selection

Answer 13

favors in one direction from population mean

Question 14

Polyploidy

Answer 14

duplication of chromosomes within individuals

Question 15

Autoploidy

Answer 15

arises from single species duplication

Question 16

Allploidy

Answer 16

from combining chromosomes in two different species
more than two sets of chromosomes

Question 17

If offspring survive tetra x diploid

Answer 17

triploid
offspring will be sterile because chromosomes will not divide evenly during meiosis

Question 18

Most common means of speciation
and where in what it occurs

Answer 18

Polyploidy
Plants

Question 19

tetraploid x tetraploid

Answer 19

make more tetraploids

Question 20

If reproductive isolation is not complete

Answer 20

hybridization can occur

Question 21

Postzygotic isolation mechanism

Answer 21

prevent hybridization and reduce fitness

Question 22

Prezygotic isolation mechanism

Answer 22

before fertilization

Question 23

Mechanical isolation

Answer 23

Different shapes/sizes of reproductive organs can prevent gamete union

Question 24

Temporal isolation

Answer 24

some species breed at different times of day/year

Question 25

Behavioral isolation

Answer 25

individuals can fail to recognize mating partners from different species

Question 26

Habitat isolation

Answer 26

When two closely related species evolve preferences for living/mating in different habitats

Question 27

Gamete isolation

Answer 27

Sperm may not attach to egg because appropriate chemicals are not released or sperm cannot penetrate

Question 28

Low hybrid zygote viability

Answer 28

babies fail to mature normally and die during development

Question 29

low hybrid adult viability

Answer 29

hybrid offspring have lower chances of survival than non hybrids

Question 30

Hybrid infertility

Answer 30

hybrids mature into infertile adults

Question 31

Hybrid zone

Answer 31

closely related species will hybridize where ranges overlap

Question 32

Diet specialization

Answer 32

Population with special diets more likely to diverge

Question 33

Pollination specialization

Answer 33

Occurs more quickly among animal populated plants b/c number of pollinators restricted

Question 34

Sexual selection specialization

Answer 34

new species form at higher rates because more selective when discriminating against mating partners

Question 35

Dispersal ability specialization

Answer 35

more sedentary species are more easily divided

Question 36

evolutionary radiation

Answer 36

rapid proliferation of high number of descendant species from a singular ancestor

Question 37

Qualitative traits

Answer 37

discrete smooth vs wrinkled

Question 38

Quantitative traits

Answer 38

Continuous ex : tallness