Recombinant DNA

Question 1

• Altering genes in a living organism to produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
• It alters the genetic structure of an individual by either inserting or removing DNA.

Answer 1

Genetic engineering

Question 2

are being employed in the insertion and expression of proteins in different organisms for various purposes.

Answer 2

Molecular Biology Techniques

Question 3

DNA contains the composed of nucleotides composed of five-carbon sugar strand of DNA will serve as template to produce its complementary strand in a process known as

Answer 3

Replication

Question 4

Who is the messenger?

Answer 4

Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)

Question 5

Is first synthesized using the DNA as a template in the process called ____

Answer 5

Transcription

Question 6

The mRNA is finally used as a template to produce the desired protein as dictated in the code of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell through a process called

Answer 6

Translation

Question 7

The mRNA bases form a three-letter base combination triplet called

Answer 7

Codons

Question 8

In modern terms, this process manipulates
cells’ genetic information using ____ in order to change the traits of living organisms.

Answer 8

Laboratory Techniques

Question 9

This process has historically been called genetic engineering but more recently is referred to as ____

Answer 9

Recombinant DNA Technology or Genetic Modification

Question 10

uses recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.

Answer 10

Genetic engineering

Question 11

Is a technique that alters the phenotype of an entity (host) when a genetically modified vector is introduced and incorporated into the genome of the host.

Answer 11

Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 12

is an enzymatically controlled process where the plant or animal cells are treated with certain enzymes.

Answer 12

Isolation of DNA

Question 12

Enzymes is an example of?

Answer 12

Cellulase

Question 13

lysozyme is an example of?

Answer 13

Bacteria

Question 14

Chitinase is an example of?

Answer 14

Fungi

Question 15

The isolated and purified DNA is treated with restriction endonucleases which cut the DNA into ____

Answer 15

Fragments

Question 16

is a process to amplify the gene once the proper gene of interest has been cut using the restriction enzymes.

Answer 16

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 17

PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction proceeds in three stages, what are these 3?

D A E

Answer 17

• Denaturation
• Annealing
• Extension

Question 18

the final tool of rDNA technology, which consumes the vector engineered with the desired DNA with the aid of the enzymes.

Answer 18

Host

Question 19

In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Cells that survive the bombardment, and are able to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and acquire the ability to express the designed protein.

Answer 19

Biolistic

Question 20

is a process used to transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria. The target cells are pre-treated before the procedure to increase the pore sizes of their plasma membranes.

Answer 20

Heat Shock Treatment

Question 21

This technique follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock Treatment, but the expansion of the membrane pores is done through an electric “shock”. This method is commonly used for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.

Answer 21

Electroporation

Question 22

Mutations in hemoglobin genes lead to ____

Answer 22

Anemia

Question 23

A technique that allows the detection of specific genes in target organisms is called

Answer 23

PCR

Question 24

In some cases, scientists would want to put these genes into organisms for **the expression of their products.** One example would be the insertion of an insulin coding gene from the human genome into bacteria. This allows the “transformed” bacteria to now produce human insulin as a product.

Answer 24

Cloning and Expression

Question 25

**What are the 3 Important applications of Recombinant DNA Technology?**

Answer 25

1. Applications in Crop Improvement 2. Applications in Medicines 3. Production of Vaccines

Question 26

it is now possible to **transfer genes between distantly related species. **The barriers of gene transfer between species or even genera have been overcome. The desirable genes can be transferred even from lower organisms to higher organisms through recombinant DNA technology.

Answer 26

Distant Hybridization

Question 27

* Genetically transformed plants which contain foreign genes * are called ____ * Resistance to diseases, insects and pests, herbicides, drought; metal toxicity tolerance; induction of male sterility for plant breeding purpose; and improvement of quality can be achieved through this recombinant DNA technology. Golden rice in the Philippines to boost Vitamin A is an example.

Answer 27

Development of Transgenic Plants

Question 28

**Leguminous plants have root-nodules which contain nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium.** These bacteria convert the free atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates in the root nodules. The bacterial genes responsible for this nitrogen fixation can be transferred now to cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley etc. through the techniques of genetic engineering thus making these crops too capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

Answer 28

Development of Root Nodules in Cereal Crops

Question 29

Improvement in yield can be achieved by **improving the photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants.** The photosynthetic rate can be increased by conversion of C3 plants into C4 plants, which can be achieved either through protoplasm fusion or recombinant DNA technology C4 plants have higher potential rate of biomass production than C3 plants. Most C4 plants (sorghum, sugarcane, maize, some grasses) are grown in tropical and subtropical zones.

Answer 29

Development of C4 Plants

Question 30

Fungi are used for mass production of famous antibiotics called ____ and ____

Answer 30

Penicillin and Streptomycin

Question 31

a hormone, **used by diabetics**, is usually extracted from pancreas of cows and pigs.

Answer 31

Insulin

Question 32

**Human gene for insulin production** has been incorporated into

Answer 32

Bacterial DNA

Question 33

are now produced by **transfer of antigen coding genes to disease causing bacteria**. Such antibodies **provide protection against the infection by the same bacteria or virus.**

Answer 33

Vaccines

Question 34

* **are virus-induced proteins produced by virus-infected cells.** * is antiviral in **action and act as first line of defense against viruses** causing serious infections, including breast cancer and lymph nodes malignancy.

Answer 34

Interferon

Question 35

It is now possible to produce interferon by?

Answer 35

Recombinant DNA

Question 36

Some **useful enzymes** can also be produced by

Answer 36

Recombinant DNA technique

Question 37

Genetic engineering may one day enable the medical scientists to replace the defective genes responsible for hereditary diseases (e.g., haemophilia, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria) with normal genes. **This new system of therapy** is called ____

Answer 37

Gene Therapy

Question 38

can now **be solved most accurately** by recombinant technology than by blood tests.

Answer 38

Disputed Parentage

Question 39

Recombinant DNA technology has provided a broad range of **tools to help physicians** in the ____

Answer 39

Diagnosis of Diseases

Question 40

Animals which carry foreign genes are called ____

Answer 40

Transgenic Animals

Question 41

DNA is made up of four building blocks called nucleotides, what are these?

Answer 41

- Thymine (t) - Adenine (a) - Guanine (g) - Cytosine (c)

Question 42

GMO stands for?

Answer 42

Genetically Modified Organisms

Question 43

**What are the 3 processes of mRNA?**

Answer 43

- Transcribe - Translate - Transfer