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General Biology 2 > Recombinant DNA > Flashcards

Recombinant DNA Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Altering genes in a living organism to produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
  • It alters the genetic structure of an individual by either inserting or removing DNA.
A

Genetic engineering

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2
Q

are being employed in the insertion and expression of proteins in different organisms for various purposes.

A

Molecular Biology Techniques

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3
Q

DNA contains the composed of nucleotides composed of five-carbon sugar strand of DNA will serve as template to produce its complementary strand in a process known as

A

Replication

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4
Q

Who is the messenger?

A

Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)

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5
Q

Is first synthesized using the DNA as a template in the process called ____

A

Transcription

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6
Q

The mRNA is finally used as a template to produce the desired protein as dictated in the code of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell through a process called

A

Translation

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7
Q

The mRNA bases form a three-letter base combination triplet called

A

Codons

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8
Q

Biotechnology would not be possible without ____

A

Genetic Engineering

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9
Q

In modern terms, this process manipulates
cells’ genetic information using ____ in order to change the traits of living organisms.

A

Laboratory Techniques

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10
Q

This process has historically been called genetic engineering but more recently is referred to as ____

A

Recombinant DNA Technology or Genetic Modification

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11
Q

The 3 modification of traits may involve:

A
  1. Introduction of new traits into an organism
  2. Enhancement of a present trait by increasing
    the expression of the desired gene
  3. Enhancement of a present trait by disrupting
    the inhibition of the desired genes’
    expression.
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12
Q

uses recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.

A

Genetic engineering

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13
Q

Is a technique that alters the phenotype of an entity (host) when a genetically modified vector is introduced and incorporated into the genome of the host.

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

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14
Q

This gene that is introduced is referred to as the recombinant gene and the technique is known as the ____

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

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15
Q

is an enzymatically controlled process where the plant or animal cells are treated with certain enzymes.

A

Isolation of DNA

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15
Q

Enzymes is an example of?

A

Cellulase

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16
Q

lysozyme is an example of?

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

Chitinase is an example of?

A

Fungi

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18
Q

The isolated and purified DNA is treated with restriction endonucleases which cut the DNA into ____

A

Fragments

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19
Q

is a process to amplify the gene once the proper gene of interest has been cut using the restriction enzymes.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

20
Q

PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction proceeds in three stages, what are these 3?

D A E

A
  • Denaturation
  • Annealing
  • Extension
21
Q

the final tool of rDNA technology, which consumes the vector engineered with the desired DNA with the aid of the enzymes.

A

Host

22
Q

In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Cells that survive the bombardment, and are able to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and acquire the ability to express the designed protein.

A

Biolistic

23
Q

is a process used to transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria. The target cells are pre-treated before the procedure to increase the pore sizes of their plasma membranes.

A

Heat Shock Treatment

24
Q

This technique follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock Treatment, but the expansion of the membrane pores is done through an electric “shock”. This method is commonly used for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.

A

Electroporation

25
Q

Mutations in hemoglobin genes lead to ____

A

Anemia

26
Q

Some researchers may be interested in determining if a given gene/trait is available in a particular organism. If no previous research provides this information, researchers may test the DNA of different organisms for the presence of these specific genes.

A

Detection

27
Q

A technique that allows the detection of specific genes in target organisms is called

A

PCR

28
Q

In some cases, scientists would want to put these genes into organisms for the expression of their products. One example would be the insertion of an insulin coding gene from the human genome into bacteria. This allows the “transformed” bacteria to now produce human insulin as a product.

A

Cloning and Expression

29
Q

What are the 3 Important applications of Recombinant DNA Technology?

A
  1. Applications in Crop Improvement
  2. Applications in Medicines
  3. Production of Vaccines
30
Q

it is now possible to **transfer genes between distantly related species. **The barriers of gene transfer between species or even genera have been overcome. The desirable genes can be transferred even from lower organisms to higher organisms through recombinant DNA technology.

A

Distant Hybridization

31
Q
  • Genetically transformed plants which contain foreign genes
  • are called ____
  • Resistance to diseases, insects and pests, herbicides, drought; metal toxicity tolerance; induction of male sterility for plant breeding purpose; and improvement of quality can be achieved through this recombinant DNA technology. Golden rice in the Philippines to boost Vitamin A is an example.
A

Development of Transgenic Plants

32
Q

Leguminous plants have root-nodules which contain
nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium. These bacteria convert the free atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates in the root nodules. The bacterial genes responsible for this nitrogen fixation can be transferred now to cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley etc. through the techniques of genetic engineering thus making these crops too capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

A

Development of Root Nodules in Cereal Crops

33
Q

Improvement in yield can be achieved by improving the
photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants. The photosynthetic rate can be increased by conversion of C3 plants into C4 plants, which can be achieved either through protoplasm fusion or recombinant DNA technology C4 plants have higher potential rate of biomass production than C3 plants. Most C4 plants (sorghum, sugarcane, maize, some grasses) are grown in tropical and subtropical zones.

A

Development of C4 Plants

34
Q

Fungi are used for mass production of famous antibiotics called ____ and ____

A

Penicillin and Streptomycin

35
Q

a hormone, used by diabetics, is usually extracted from pancreas of cows and pigs.

A

Insulin

36
Q

Human gene for insulin production has been incorporated into

A

Bacterial DNA

37
Q

are now produced by transfer of antigen coding genes to
disease causing bacteria. Such antibodies provide protection
against the infection by the same bacteria or virus.

A

Vaccines

38
Q
  • are virus-induced proteins produced by virus-infected cells.
  • is antiviral in action and act as first line of defense against viruses causing serious infections, including breast cancer and lymph nodes malignancy.
A

Interferon

39
Q

It is now possible to produce interferon by?

A

Recombinant DNA

40
Q

Some useful enzymes can also be produced by

A

Recombinant DNA technique

41
Q

Genetic engineering may one day enable the medical
scientists to replace the defective genes responsible for
hereditary diseases (e.g., haemophilia, phenylketonuria,
alkaptonuria) with normal genes. This new system of
therapy is called ____

A

Gene Therapy

42
Q

can now be solved most accurately by recombinant technology than by blood tests.

A

Disputed Parentage

43
Q

Recombinant DNA technology has provided a broad
range of tools to help physicians in the ____

A

Diagnosis of Diseases

44
Q

Animals which carry foreign genes are called ____

A

Transgenic Animals

45
Q

DNA is made up offour building blocks called nucleotides, what are these?

A
  • Thymine (t)
  • Adenine (a)
  • Guanine (g)
  • Cytosine (c)
46
Q

GMO stands for?

A

Genetically Modified Organisms

47
Q

What are the 3 processes of mRNA?

A
  • Transcribe
  • Translate
  • Transfer

General Biology 2 (1 decks)

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