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General Biology 2 > Q4 Examination > Flashcards

Q4 Examination Flashcards

1
Q

is the science of naming, identifying, and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. It helps scientists organize biodiversity and understand evolutionary relationships.

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

The branch of science dealing with classification

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

A group of organisms classified together (e.g., species, genus, family)

A

Taxon (plural: taxa)

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4
Q

The system of naming organisms

A

Nomenclature

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5
Q

The broader study of biodiversity and evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

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6
Q

Arrangement into groups having common characteristics; results in the placing of plants into a hierarchy of ranks or categories.

A

Classification

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7
Q

Recognition of certain distinguishing characters of the specimens; results in the comparison of the specimen with similar specimens

A

Identification

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8
Q

Enumerate the Taxonomic Hierarchy in chronological order

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species (most specific)
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9
Q

Developed by Carl Linnaeus in 1735

A

Binomial Nomenclature

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10
Q

Also known as the “Father of Modern Taxonomy”

A

Carl Linnaeus

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11
Q

Refers to the variety of organisms in different ecosystems

A

Species diversity

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12
Q

Is a method of classification that shows evolutionary relationships through cladograms, which display common ancestors and species divergence.

A

Cladistics

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13
Q

Three-Domain System was introduced by

A

Carl Woese

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14
Q

What are the Three-Domain System?

A
  • Bacteria – Common prokaryotes (E. coli, streptococcus)
  • Archaea – Prokaryotes in extreme environments (hot springs, deep sea)
  • Eukarya – Organisms with a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, animals)
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15
Q

Is a branching diagram that maps evolutionary history

A

Cladogram

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16
Q

Are the smallest biological unit and make up all living organisms.

A

Cells

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17
Q

Is a group of cells that have the same structure and function.

A

Tissue

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18
Q

Are made up of two or more types of tissue organized to perform a specific function.

A

Organs

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19
Q

The ____ is a major site of photosynthesis

A

Leaf

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20
Q

____ is created here are moved to other parts of the plant.

A

Sugar

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21
Q
  • Transports water and nutrients throughout the plant.
  • The sugar produced is carried by vascular tissues to the rest of the plant.
  • Supports leaves and flowers.
A

Stem

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22
Q

What are the main parts or organs of a plant?

A
  • Leaves
  • Flowers
  • Stems
  • Roots
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23
Q

The flower contains male organs called ____

A

Stamens

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24
Q
  • The flower contains male organs called stamens
  • Consists of filament
  • The anther produces pollen
  • Also contains female organs
A

Flower

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25
The primary function is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air. This occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
Respiratory system
26
- Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells to tissues. - Removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. - Helps regulate body temperature. - Maintains blood pressure.
Circulatory System
27
- Breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. - Absorbs water and electrolytes. - Waste Elimination: - Eliminates undigested food and other waste products. - Houses a large population of microbes that aid in digestion and immune function.
Digestive System
28
- Acts as a barrier against pathogens, UV radiation, and physical damage. - Prevents water loss. - Sensory Perception - Contains sensory receptors for touch, temperature, and pain. - Helps regulate body temperature through sweating and blood flow. - Vitamin D synthesis.
Integumentary System
29
- Provides a framework for the body. - Protects internal organs. - Works with the muscular system to enable movement. - Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells - Stores calcium and other minerals.
Skeletal System
30
- Enables voluntary and involuntary movements. - Maintains body posture. - Produces heat through muscle contraction.
Muscular System
31
- Transmits signals throughout the body. - Coordinates bodily functions. - Processes sensory information from internal and external environments. - Enables thought, memory, and learning.
Nervous System
32
- Secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. - plays a large role in maintaining the bodies homeostatic balance.
Endocrine System
33
- Filters waste products from the blood. - Eliminates urine. - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: - Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance. - Blood pressure regulation
Excretory System
34
- Produces sperm and eggs. - Produces sex hormones. - Offspring Development: - Provides a site for fertilization and fetal development (female).
Reproductive System
35
- Filters lymph fluid and fights infection. - Transports immune cells. - Returns excess fluid to the bloodstream. - Absorbs fats from the digestive
Lymphatic System
36
Refers to the degree of similarity in the genetic makeup of two individuals. (usually determined by comparing DNA sequences; is a byproduct of evolution)
Genetic relatedness
37
Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.
Homologous structures
38
Similar physical features in organisms that **DO NOT SHARE** a common ancestor. Relatedness is based entirely due to its same function.
Analogous structures
39
are the result of divergent evolution
Homologies
40
are a result of convergent evolution
Analogies
41
organic matter and living things ex: -animals; bacteria
Biotic
42
non-living things ex: climate; temperature
Abiotic
43
two organisms that do not share a common ancestor evolve and develop similarities independently of one another.
Convergent
44
The ____ is the most widely used system in terms of organizing living organisms. Primarily based on observable physical traits.
Linnaean System
45
refers to the variety of different species that live within a particular habitat or ecosystem. (is closely linked to genetic diversity)
Species Diversity
46
is a method of classifying organisms based on common ancestry. It groups species into clades (a common ancestor and all its descendants)
Cladistics
47
Traits inherited from a common ancestor (e.g., feathers in birds)
Shared Derived Characteristics (Synapomorphies)
48
A group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants.
Clades (Monophyletic Groups)
49
The simplest evolutionary explanation is preferred
Parsimony Principle
50
Reveal transitional forms, illustrating the progression of life over millions of years
Fossil records
51
show similar developmental stages in vertebrates, suggesting shared origins.
Embryological studies
52
Compares DNA and protein sequences, with greater genetic similarities pointing to closer evolutionary relationships.
Molecular biology
53
- A system based on evolutionary relationships - Based on ancestors
Phylogenetic
54
- A hierarchical system based on observable traits - Based physically
Linnaean
55
Three-Kingdom Classification was proposed by and in what year?
Proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1866
56
Five-Kingdom Classification was proposed by and in what year?
Proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969
57
A ____ is a process where the output of a system influences its own operation, either reinforcing the initial change (positive feedback) or counteracting it (negative feedback) to maintain a stable internal environment or homeostasis.
Feedback Mechanism
58
This type of feedback loop aims to reduce or reverse a change in the system, bringing it back towards a stable state or "set point".
Negative feedback
59
In this type of feedback, the initial change is amplified or intensified, moving the system further away from its original state.
Positive feedback
60
Is the process that helps organisms keep their internal conditions steady
Homeostasis
61
Some animals, like humans, can control their body temperature called ____
Endotherms
62
Other animals, like reptiles, depend on their environment to stay warm called ____
Ectotherms
63
is the process where water moves in and out of cells to balance salt and water levels.
Osmosis
64
____ help control how much water is in the body by adjusting urine production.
Kidneys
65
provides energy for our cells
Blood sugar (glucose)
66
The pancreas controls glucose levels by releasing two hormones, what are these two?
- Insulin - Glucagon

General Biology 2 (4 decks)

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