Recognizing Objects (CH. 4) Flashcards
Recognition
Typically:
- Fast
- Effortless
- Prone to error
Fast Pop-Out Search
When all items except the target share the same feature, target is easy to find, regardless of the number of distracting items (sometimes called the singleton search)
Slow Conjunction Search
Target does not possess any unique features, and only can be identified based on a conjunction of two or more features. The more distracting items there are, the slower the search is
Frequency and Recency
Familiar (high-frequency) words are likely to be recognized.
Recently primed words are more likely to be recognized.
Word Superiority Effect
The data pattern in which research participants are more accurate and more efficient in recognizing letters if the letters appear within a word (or a word-like letter string) than they are in recognizing letters appearing in isolation
Degree of Well-Formedness
A measure of the degree to which a string of symbols (usually letters) conforms to the usual patterns (e.g., the nonword “FIKE” is well formed in English, but “IEFK” is not)
What is Bottom-Up Processing?
A sequence of events that is governed by the stimulus input itself
What is Top-Down Processing?
A sequence of events that is heavily shaped by the knowledge and expectations that the person brings to the situation
What are Feature Nets?
Systems for recognizing patterns that involve a network of detectors, with detectors for features serving as the initial layer in each system
Activation Level
A measure of the current status for a node or detector. Activation level is increased if the node or detector receives the appropriate input from its associated nodes or detectors; activation level will be high if input has been received frequently or recently
Response Threshold
The quantity of information or activation needed to trigger a response in a node or detector, or, in a neuroscience context, a response from a neuron
Distributed Knowledge
Relative activation across nodes more important than local activation within one node
McClelland and Rumelhard
Connections can be feed-forward or feedback, and excitatory or inhibitory
Excitatory Connections
A link from one node, or one detector, to another, such that activation of one node activates the other
Inhibitory Connections
A link from one node, or detector, to another, such that activation of one node decreases the activation level of the other
Errors Due to Overgeneralization
- You see what you expect to see
- Accuracy sacrificed for efficiency
Viewpoint Invariance
Our ability to recognize an object regardless of the viewpoint (most of the time)
Recognition by Components (RBC) Model
A model of object recognition. In this model, a crucial role is played by geons, the (hypothesized) basic building blocks out of which all the objects we recognize are constructed
What are Geons?
Basic shapes proposed as the building blocks of all complex three-dimensional forms. They are the visual alphabet of object recognition
Recognition By Multiple Views
- Multiple viewpoints encoded in memory
- Mental rotation required if current view does not match any stored views
What is Prosopagnosia?
A syndrome in which individuals lose their ability to recognize faces and to make other fine-grained discriminations within a highly familiar category, even though their other visual abilities seem intact
What is the Inversion Effect?
a pattern typically observed for faces in which the specific face is much more difficult to recognize if the face is presented upside-down
What is Holistic Recognition?
A process in which the ability to identify an object depends on the whole, or the entire configuration, rather than on an inventory of the object’s parts
Composite Effect
- Hard to recognize half of face when aligned with another face
- Evidence that faces are processed holistically (face recognition is based on the relationships between features, not perception of individual features)
